Election Explanation Through Sociological Theories

Election Explanation through Sociological Theories The 2016 U.S Presidential Election ended on November 19th, yet many people did not expect or even think about the result of Trump becoming our 45th president. Although many people in California did not accept the fact that our first female candidate was defeated and lost the election, it is reasonable to explain some surprising observations and results of the election by looking through the lens of sociological theories. 1. 63% of white men and 53% of white women did not vote for Clinton. As our first female presidential candidate, it was controversial towards her ability be competent to manage a country. Although many people are pursuing gender equality in America, they still hold prejudices and discrimination towards women because of their â€Å"vulnerable† image. It is not surprising that more than half of white men choose to vote for Trump instead of Clinton by Christine Williams s concept of Glass ceiling glass escalator. Williams argued that women in the United States face the predicament of Glass Ceiling, â€Å"invisible barriers† that restrains their promotion in male-dominated jobs. On contrary, men are considered to be Glass Escalators in which they are push up in their professions by invisible pressures. (Williams ) Under this situation, an occupational segregation exists: women and men hold the same job title at an individual establishment or company, but actually do differ ent jobs. People generallyShow MoreRelatedNormative, Informational and Persuasive Social Influences669 Words   |  3 Pagesbelieve not conforming may have negative consequences, such as disapproval or punishment. An example of Normative Influence is laughing at a joke you dont get, or agreeing with an opinion you believe in others. Informational Social Influence this theory consists of the need to analyze different the information and different points of view. When a person is found in an unknown environment, without sufficient information about it. That person will look at other people’s behavior to know what the socialRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism And Social Psychology1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe application paper Symbolic interactionism is considered to be part of the building block of micro-sociological thinking, related to anthropology and social psychology that bases the understanding of the society in communication and has greatly influenced the studies on media. This theory suggest that human interaction and communication is facilitated by words, gesture and other symbols that have acquired conventionalized meaning (Dictioinary). Symbolic interaction is a range of ideas that discussRead MoreRace: The Start of It All779 Words   |  4 Pagesprestigious anthropologists, sociologists, and authors such as Stuart Hall, Paul Gilroy, Eric Williams, Franz Boas†¦etc. The key factors when analyzing the background and ongoing trend of race and racial terms are, firstly, the biological and scientific explanations of racial subdivision (Andreasen, Templeton, MacEachern, Rushton, Hall); secondly, the social and cultural aspect of race and how this contrasts with the biological definition (CLR); and finally, the political side to race and how it is debatedRead MoreSociological Perspective of the Relationship Between Education and the Economy1062 Words   |  5 PagesSociological Perspective of the Relationship Between Education and the Economy There seems to be a direct link to what goes on in schools and what takes place at work. The functionalist approach to education and economy is that through socialisation education helps maintain society by introducing young people into values and beliefs such as achievement. They argue that education teaches what is needed within the world of work like numeracy and literacy skills or specificRead MoreIs Social Class Still the Most Important Determinant of Voting Behaviour in Contemporary Britain?3400 Words   |  14 Pagesdiscussion of these questions will start with a definition of class, which seems vital in order to have a clear idea about how class and party allegiances are linked. Subsequently, different theories of voting behaviour will be briefly discussed, followed by an examination of the connection between sociological and political factors determining class dealignment, so as to finally come to a conclusion whether class is still relevant to voting choice and to what extent. Defining social class â€Å"classRead MoreEssay about Bravely J. Silvers Forces of Labour2600 Words   |  11 PagesThere are several sociological theories in the study of contemporary labor unrest. However, this essay will start off to examine the rationale of capital mobility and labor transformation processes, as a coherent point of departure. To what extent is this approach significant? A simple answer is the sociological framework of Silver (2003), which is our central focus, is in contrast with the above approaches. Therefore, it’s imperative to provide an overview of what Silver was critical about. SilverRead MoreIs Sociology a Science? Essay1956 Words   |  8 Pagessystematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment (Oxford dictionary). This crude definition is elaborated further by a world-famous sociologist Anthony Giddens as ‘the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies. It is dazzling and compe lling enterprise, as its subject matter is our own behavior as social beings. The scope of sociological study is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters betweenRead MoreCompassion Impacts Wayward Youth1619 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile court systems developed in Chicago based on the patriarchal premise that a tough compassionate judge could impact the lives of wayward youths. However, politicians changed this with â€Å"tough on crime† policies for election. Many juvenile criminals became labeled as â€Å"superpredators† and were thus deemed beyond any help and were tried as adults. Fortunately, not everyone in the criminal system believes that juvenile criminals are beyond help. Some of the people that believe that there isRead MoreCrime Control Policy Is Grounded Into Two Conservative Traditions2487 Words   |  10 Pagessolution to the problem of crime. However, according to Gottfredson and Hirschi (1995) crime control policy in the Un ited States is unguided by theory. Programs that sow disdain based on ideas why crimes occur are favored. Theoretical criminology has changed to administrative criminology due to comparison of the crime and the nature of the crime. However, once theory is established; the government is responsible for controlling crime according to Hirschi (1993). When noting crime control policy there areRead MoreChapter 1-6 assignment Essay3935 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿`Assignments for chapters 1 through 6 EXERCISE 1.1 Each of us is confronted with decisions in our everyday lives that require us to gather and assess information on the different alternatives at hand and then make a decision. Examples of such decisions include the decision to attend college, buy a car or some other item, strike up a friendship with Person A or B, select a particular course, or take a trip to Point X or Y. You may have made an error in such decisions because your information

The Issue Of Trump Companies Using Labor Offshore - 960 Words

First , I am writing this to try to address some very confusing issues for myself, since it seems that the media no longers presents news, but interprets information in what I consider a biased manner. Secondly, I hope by presenting my questions, ideas, and concerns, that others can please provide me feedback to assist with my education on these topics. The issue of Trump companies using labor offshore seems to be a point for the media. What I do not understand is why did the government set up the rules to make using offshore labor advantageous? I guess I would ask why would a businessman choose to pay more and make his product less competitive? I would pose this question to the media, do they pay the most they can for a service or a product? One of the things that is very confusing is the idea of Trump being Anti-Semitic. I believe he has a daughter that has converted and she still runs a large part of his company. I also have been told that Trump is a white supremacist, but to my knowledge, he has not been in the KKK or the Nazi party. I believe that with all the government rules surrounding construction if he was a white supremacist, he would most likely not use labor that did not meet a certain description. To that point, the media blasted him for not hiring several white candidates at a hotel in Florida. It does not make sense to call him a bigot. As for him being against women, we have yet to have a single situation where we have had the media, short ofShow MoreRelatedStudy of Recruitment Process and E- Recruitment12119 Words   |  49 Pagesorganisation. Recruitment refers to the process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified people for a job at an organization or firm. Companies are now looking out for new ways of giving themselves a competitive advantage. New product, new image new marketing idea are some of the ways this can be achieved but enlightened and successful companies look towards their people to provide the leading edge. Recruitment is a process of finding and attracting capable applicants for employment. TheRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages2 Crafting a Better Job 91 4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources of Emotions and Moods 103 Emotional Labor 108 Affective Events Theory 110 Emotional Intelligence 112 The Case for EI 113 †¢ The Case Against EI 114 †¢ Emotion Regulation 115 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ LeadershipRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesa number of the companies that served as examples in the original edition of Crossing the Chasm. Reading through its index brings to mind the medieval lament, â€Å"Where are the snows of yesteryear?† Where indeed are Aldus, Apollo, Ashton-Tate, Ask, Burroughs, Businessland, and the Byte Shop? Where are Wang, Weitek, and Zilog? â€Å"Oh lost and by the wind-grieved ghosts, come back again!† But we should not despair. In high tech, the good news is that, although we lose our companies with alarming frequencyRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesvaluation where there is room for disagreement, including how to estimate true value and how long it will take for prices to adjust to true value. But there is one point on which there can be no disagreement. Asset prices cannot be justified by merely using the argument that there will be other investors around willing to pay a higher price in the future. Generalities about Valuation Like all analytical disciplines, valuation has developed its own set of myths over time. This section examines and debunksRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesContemporary Issues in Management Accounting This page intentionally left blank Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting Edited by ALNOOR BHIMANI 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico

Lakota Woman Review Free Essays

Lakota Woman mary crow dog The book, Lakota Woman, written by Mary Crow Dog, gave the reader a personal view of the feelings shared by most Indians living in the United States during this present day. The book dealt with the time period of Crow Dog’s life along with some references to past events. Crow Dog attempted to explain the hostility felt towards the white men in the United States by the surviving Indian population. We will write a custom essay sample on Lakota Woman Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now She used her own life as an example in many instances to give the reader a personal perspective. The main point in writing this book was to present the reader with the Indian viewpoint on how they were treated and what the effects of that treatment has done to their people over the years. From the beginning of the book it becomes evident that not all Indians are the same. Mary Crow Dogs grandparents grew up during a time when the United States was trying to â€Å"civilize† the Indians by forcing them to abandon their customs in favor of a Christian lifestyle. Most Indians took offence to that proposition, but some did not. Crow Dog’s grandmother was one of the Indians who would have been termed as a successful convert. She adopted the Christian faith and was raising her grandchildren to accept Jesus in their lives. Crow Dog admitted the Jesus part sounded good, it was the beatings at the hands of the nuns and the awful food served to them at the boarding school that tainted their views of Christianity. Indians who accepted the white man’s ways were called half bloods. Crow Dog said, â€Å"The general rule is that whoever thinks, sings, acts, and speaks Indian is a skin, a full-blood, and whoever acts and thinks like a white man is a half-blood or breed, no matter how Indian he looks. † (49) This division among their own people often created hostility and sometimes led to violence. Another problem was the rage felt inside of the warriors who were having their lifestyle taken from them. These were men who were used to hunting for their food which in turn gave them a feeling of pride. Being held on a reservation took their spirit and crushed it. It led to heavy drinking among a large amount of the male Indian population which sometimes led to violence against women. Crow Dog suggested that these men were acting out because they could not hunt and perform their duties as Indian males. The book spoke about the different religious ceremonies and the spirituality exemplified by the Indian people. The use of the pipe along with the Willow tree tobacco, the various dances performed, and the infusion of religion in every aspect of the Indians life showed the reader how important religion is to the Indian people. Because of that knowledge, it was appalling to read how Leonard Crow Dog’s religious rights were violated and mocked in prison. The basic right of being able to freely practice a religion was denied to Crow Dog while incarcerated. The AIM, or American Indian Movement, was formed in order to bring to light the hardships faced by the Indians living in the United States and took a huge part in the Wounded Knee incident. Crow Dog was a member of that organization and married Leonard who was one of the group’s leaders. Power is a theme that is seen throughout the book in various forms. Crow Dog spoke of the power felt during certain Indian customs such as smoking the peace pipe or performing the Ghost Dance. Another form of power was seen when the doctors at the hospital took Crow Dog’s sisters baby and killed it. As if that was not enough, her sister was sterilized so she could not have any more Indian children. Crow Dog made sure that would not happen to her own child who was born at Wounded Knee. The show of force by the military at Wounded Knee was another example of the power exerted by the white men on the Indians. The fabricated charges brought against Leonard Crow Dog which resulted in his incarceration showed the power the government held and was willing to use against the Indians. The Indian women show their own version of power by making it their duty to procreate in order to replace the population of warriors who were lost defending the cause. Another theme running through the book is anger. Not surprisingly, Crow Dog and a good majority of her people felt that something was taken from them without their permission. Because they harbor those feelings, they believe it is ok to do things like steal from stores owned by white people. They justify their actions because they feel they are getting their revenge against the white people who stole from them. Taking Wounded Knee over and performing the Ghost Dance was a way to show the white man that they were not going to be taken advantage of any longer. They were not going to let the white men stop them from performing their sacred ceremonies and change their way of life. The Indians took their anger against the white man and used it as fuel. Crow Dog spoke of the hardships she had to deal with living as Leonard Crow Dogs wife. Initially she was not interested in Leonard Crow Dog, but years later she found herself married to him and acting as his main support line during his incarceration. When Leonard was released from prison she described how they had to become reacquainted with each other. Life was extremely challenging for Mary Crow Dog but she stood by her husband’s side and provided the support he needed. After being released, Mary Crow Dog would follow Leonard to various places around the country where his help was needed to bring recognition to a person or groups issue. Her life was dedicated to Leonard and together they both fought for what they believed in. For Mary Crow Dog, her life as an Indian became complete when she took part in the Ghost Dance ceremony. Crow Dog was pierced in the traditional way and experienced the visions that her ancestors had for hundreds of years. She felt that she was finally a full blooded Indian after the ceremony which symbolized that her transition was complete. The author, Mary Crow Dog, is an Indian who has experienced the hardships of life living as an Indian under the conditions the United States Government has mandated for the Indian people. She gave the account of her life and co-authored the book along with Richard Erdoes. Crow Dog has also written Ohitika Woman, while Erdoes has written several books including Lame Deer, Seeker of Visions, The Sun Dance People, The Rain Dance People, The Pueblo Indians, and Crying for a Dream. Erdoes used Crow Dogs firsthand account as the basis for writing this book. The authors accomplished their goal of bringing the reader into the world of the Indians and presenting the difficulties they faced and had overcome over the years at the hands of the United States Government. I enjoyed the book. I felt that it informed the reader of the various problems the Indians have faced over the years and how some of those problems are still being dealt with. It showed the mistreatment of the Indians by the United States Government. It brought the reader into the world of the Indian and made you understand why their harbor resentment and hostility along with mistrust for white people and the government. I think this book is important for anyone who is looking to get an inside look into the bruised feelings of Indians and the reasons behind those feelings. The book provided an overview of what tribe life is like and did not hide the negatives like the drinking problems and abuse of women. Anybody who is looking for knowledge into the feelings of Indians will benefit greatly from this book. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Mary Crow Dog and Richard Erdoes, Lakota Woman, (New York, N. Y. , Harper Perennial 1990) How to cite Lakota Woman Review, Essay examples

Limitations of Self-Report Data free essay sample

Limitations of Self Report Data Abstract Self-report data may be obtained from a test or an interview format of a self-report study. The format of self-report study that will be used to discuss limitations of self-report data will be a test and a personality disorder test will be used as an example. For specific example answers for the test I completed the results all rated â€Å"low† for all personality disorders. Limitations arise from decreased reliability and validity and issues with credibility of responses due to response bias. Content validity, construct validity and criterion-related validity as well as test-retest reliability will be presented. The forms of response biases that will be discussed are social desirability, acquiescence, halo effect, extreme responding, midpoint responding, random responding, negative/positive bias, memory recall bias and cultural bias. The discussion will conclude with the role self-report data plays in psychology today. Limitations of Self-Report Data Self-report data has the advantage that they come directly from the test taker themselves and not from a third party; who would know someone better than themselves? Self-report studies can examine a large number of variables such as feelings, behaviours, attitudes and beliefs. They are easy to administer, inexpensive and most take a modest amount of time to complete (McDonald, 2008). Self-report tests are able to assess matters that are not observable such as feelings, beliefs and opinions. The scoring of self-report tests is standardized whether it be a scoring template for pen and pencil formats or computer-based interpretations for tests whose answers are entered into a data file (Hood Johnson, 2007). However, it does have some limitations. The validity of causal conclusions drawn from self-report data may be of concern because it can be influenced by factors such as the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the test, the context (environment/situation) of the test, and response biases (Dodd-McCue Tartaglia, 2010). . Validity Content Validity Content validity is the extent to which a test is measuring the domain it is supposed to be measuring (Hood Johnson). Meaning for example; does the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test measure for personality disorders? Computers allow for much more complex self-report test scoring, and are accurate and thorough. A test’s construction can also play a key role. The content validity of some tests relies on the appropriate qualifications and level of expertise of the designers of the test and of the database used for computer-based test interpretations (Hood Johnson). For the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test the designers decide what questions to include in order to identify the different features of personality disorders. The creators of the database decide which answers correlate with a personality disorder. For self-report testing the fundamental way a question is worded can influence a person’s interpretation and thus their response. In the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test this may lead to the erroneous detection of the presence or no presence of diagnostic criteria. For example in the: Q1 â€Å"Do you believe you have more difficulty with relationships than the average person your age? † (4degreez. com, n. d. , p. 1). I didn’t know how to interpret or answer this question; do they mean social relationships or intimate relationships? Had I understood it as both and answered â€Å"yes† my answer would have been measured as a diagnostic criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder. When I completed the test I answered â€Å"no† because neither situation applied for myself. There was no information given in regards to the designers of the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test nor for the database used for the computer-based test interpretations used to score the test; therefore it is unknown on how it faired for content validity. In addition it is questionable whether the number of questions (#71, excluding â€Å"What sex are you? †) were adequate to accurately assess the presence of a personality disorder. Construct Validity Construct validity is the extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct (Dyce, n. d. ); that is, can the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test measure the presence of the different behaviours described by the diagnostic criteria for the different personality disorders? There are two subcategories of construct validity: convergent validity and discriminant validity. In the case of a personality disorder test convergent validity is the degree to which the test that should be theoretically related to a behaviour associated with a given personality disorder is in fact related. This form of validity is an example in which results should be taken in a person’s context or in conjunction with results of other forms of testing. For example, Q11 of the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test (n. d. ) â€Å"Do you have a difficult time relating to others? † (p. 1). If a person’s contacts are of at a lower education level their language or ideas may or may not be understood. For discriminant validity it is the degree to which the test that should not be theoretically related to a behaviour associated with a given personality disorder is in fact not related. No information was available to know how the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test faired on testing for construct validity. Howard (1994) claims that the construct validity coefficients of self-report testing are superior to those of other forms of testing. Criterion-Related Validity As Dyce (n. d. ) explained criterion-related validity is the relationship between the test score and a criterion measure such as a behaviour. In the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test responders may think they possess a great deal of self-knowledge when in fact they may not therefore their answers may not accurately reflect their behaviours. Concurrent criterion-related validity is when the test score and the criterion are measured at approximately the same time. Predictive criterion-related validity is when the criterion measure is collected after the test score is collected. When self-deceptive socially desirable responding (SDR) in self-report testing, as defined in the social desirability subheading below, is controlled the predictive criterion-related validity is reduced therefore this form of SDR should not be controlled (Paulhus, 1991). Reliability Test-Rest Reliability Test-retest reliability compares the results of two of the same tests taken at different times (Dyce, n. d. ). A person’s state of mind and conditions of he environment may influence responses. The length of time between which the tests are taken should be recorded so it can be taken into account when interpreting the reliability coefficient. Changes in environmental conditions (e. g. , temperature, noise level, or lighting) or state of mind can all affect test-retest reliability. I performed the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test on two separate days. The f irst time it was completed all ten personality disorders were rated â€Å"low†; whereas the second time one was rated â€Å"high†, two were rated â€Å"moderate†, and the other seven were rated â€Å"low†. Thus on this occasion the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test was not very test-retest reliable. This may be attributed to poor sleep the night before and not haven eaten yet, therefore I was a bit irritable. In addition students like myself, who have high cognitive demands, may take mental shortcuts in completing the test depending which will thus decrease reliability. Response Bias Social Desirability Socially desirable responding (SDR) is when a person answers questions in such a way that they â€Å"look good† to others. Such responses will obviously skew results. The issue of SDR in measuring personality, psychopathology, attitudes and sensitive behaviours has been of concern for over sixty years (Paulhus). Subsequently, various methods of measuring (but not controlling) SDR were developed. The â€Å"Lie scale† used in the MMPI to detect obvious dishonesty is an example of one such method (McDonald). Self-report tests such as personality disorder tests rely heavily on the honesty of the responder; however SDR may be done consciously or unconsciously. Another form of SDR is: 1) self-deceptive positivity which is an honest but overly positive self-presentation which is linked to a MMPI factor and 2) impression management which is a conscious and purposeful positive self-presentation (Paulhus). SDR is more likely to occur with questions that address personal issues such as beliefs and integrity. Many of the questions in the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test were laden with vulnerability for SDR; for example, Q21 â€Å"Do you sometimes profit at the expense of others, without being bothered by pain or damage you may cause them? (p. 1). It would take a lot of trust and honesty for a person to answer â€Å"yes† if it was in fact true. Computer based self-report testing helps reduce SDR because there is more sense of anonymity. Using ipsative (forced choice; e. g. , yes/no, agree/disagree or true/false) questions in self-report testing also helps reduce SDR. Had I completed the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test a cou ple years back I would most probably have been influenced by this type of response bias; however â€Å"looking good† is no longer of importance to me. When I completed the 4degreez. om Personality Disorder Test I did so honestly and truthfully so as the results would be accurate. Acquiescence Acquiescence is a response style dubbed â€Å"yea-saying† which is the tendency to answer â€Å"yes† or agree irrespective of the content of the question. One explanation for acquiescence lies in the personality trait of the responder associated with impulsiveness (Dodd-McCue Tartaglia). â€Å"Yes† answers are more likely when the question is ambiguous, neutral in desirability or vague (Dodd-McCue Tartaglia) and the responder is uncertain on how to answer. Most tests are now designed with evenly distributed negatively and positively worded questions, in order to maintain reliability. This form of balancing only controls â€Å"agreement acquiescence† (agreeing with similar types of questions) and not sufficient for â€Å"acceptance acquiescence† (agreeing with all questions irrespective of type) (Paulhus). On examination of the 71 questions in the 4degreez. com Personality Disorder Test it was concluded that the majority were negatively worded, thus it appears that appropriately balanced wording of questions was not incorporated.

B-24 Liberator Bomber in World War II

B-24 Liberator Bomber in World War II The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was an American heavy bomber that entered service in 1941. A highly modern aircraft for its day, it first saw combat operations with the Royal Air Force. With the American entry into World War II, production of the B-24 increased. By the end of the conflict, over 18,500 B-24s had been constructed making it the most-produced heavy bomber in history. Employed in all theaters by the US Army Air Forces and US Navy, the Liberator routinely served alongside the more rugged Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. In addition to service as heavy bomber, the B-24 played a critical role as a maritime patrol aircraft and aided in closing the air gap during the Battle of the Atlantic. The type was later evolved into the PB4Y Privateer maritime patrol aircraft. Liberators also served as long-range transports under the designation C-87 Liberator Express. Origins In 1938, the United State Army Air Corps approached Consolidated Aircraft about producing the new Boeing B-17 bomber under license as part of the Project A program to expand American industrial capacity. Visiting the Boeing plant in Seattle, Consolidated president Reuben Fleet assessed the B-17 and decided that a more modern aircraft could be designed using existing technology. Subsequent discussions led to the issuing of USAAC Specification C-212. Intended from the outset to be fulfilled by Consolidateds new effort, the specification called for a bomber with a higher speed and ceiling, as well as a greater range than the B-17. Responding in January 1939, the company incorporated several innovations from other projects into the final design which it designated the Model 32. Design Development Assigning the project to chief designer Isaac M. Laddon, Consolidated created a high-wing monoplane that featured a deep fuselage with large bomb-bays and retracting bomb-bay doors. Powered by four Pratt Whitney R1830 twin Wasp engines turning three-bladed variable-pitch propellers, the new aircraft featured long wings to improve performance at high altitude and increase payload. The high aspect ratio Davis wing employed in the design also allowed it to have a relatively high speed and extended range. This latter trait was gained due to wings thickness which provided additional space for fuel tanks. In addition, the wings possessed other technological improvements such as laminated leading edges. Impressed with the design, the USAAC awarded Consolidated a contract to build a prototype on March 30, 1939. Dubbed the XB-24, the prototype first flew on December 29, 1939. Pleased with the prototypes performance, the USAAC moved the B-24 into production the following year. A distinctive aircraft, the B-24 featured a twin tail and rudder assembly as well as flat, slab-sided fuselage. This latter characteristic earned it the name Flying Boxcar with many of its crews. The B-24 was also the first American heavy bomber to utilize tricycle landing gear. Like the B-17, the B-24 possessed a wide array of defensive guns mounted in top, nose, tail, and belly turrets. Capable of carrying 8,000 lbs. of bombs, the bomb-bay was divided in two by a narrow catwalk that was universally disliked by air crews but served as the fuselages structural keel beam. B-24 Liberator - Specifications (B-24J): General Length: 67 ft. 8 in.Wingspan: 110 ft.Height: 18 ft.Wing Area: 1,048 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 36,500 lbs.Loaded Weight: 55,000 lbs.Crew: 7-10 Performance Power Plant: 4 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-1830 turbo-supercharged radial engines, 1,200 hp eachCombat Radius: 2,100 milesMax Speed: 290 mphCeiling: 28,000 ft. Armament Guns: 10 Ãâ€" .50 in. M2 Browning machine gunsBombs: 2,700-8,000 lbs. depending on range An Evolving Airframe An anticipated aircraft, both the Royal and French Air Forces placed orders through the Anglo-French Purchasing Board before the prototype had even flown. The initial production batch of B-24As was completed in 1941, with many being sold directly to the Royal Air Force including those originally meant for France. Sent to Britain, where the bomber was dubbed Liberator, the RAF soon found that they were unsuitable for combat over Europe as they had insufficient defensive armament and lacked self-sealing fuel tanks. Due to the aircrafts heavy payload and long range, the British converted these aircraft for use in maritime patrols and as long range transports. Learning from these issues, Consolidated improved the design and the first major American production model was the B-24C which also included improved Pratt Whitney engines. In 1940, Consolidated again revised the aircraft and produced the B-24D. The first major variant of the Liberator, the B-24D quickly amassed orders for 2,738 aircraft. Overwhelming Consolidateds production capabilities, the company vastly expanded its San Diego, CA factory and built a new facility outside of Fort Worth, TX. At maximum production, the aircraft was built at five different plans across the United States and under license by North American (Grand Prairie, TX), Douglas (Tulsa, OK), and Ford (Willow Run, MI). The latter built a massive plant at Willow Run, MI that, at its peak (August 1944), was producing one aircraft per hour and ultimately built around half of all Liberators. Revised and improved several times throughout World War II, the final variant, the B-24M, ended production on May 31, 1945. Other Uses In addition to its use as a bomber, the B-24 airframe was also the basis for the C-87 Liberator Express cargo plane and the PB4Y Privateer maritime patrol aircraft. Though based on the B-24, the PBY4 featured a single tail fin as opposed to the distinctive twin tail arrangement. This design was later tested on the B-24N variant and engineers found that it improved handling. Though an order for 5,000 B-24Ns was placed in 1945, it was cancelled a short time later when the war ended. Due to the B-24s range and payload capabilities, it was able to perform well in the maritime role, however the C-87 proved less successful as the aircraft had difficulty landing with heavy loads. As a result, it was phased out as the C-54 Skymaster became available. Though less effective in this role, the C-87 fulfilled a vital need early in the war for transports capable of flying long distances at high altitude and saw service in many theaters including flying the Hump from India to China. All told, 18,188 B-24s of all types were built making it the most produced bomber of World War II. Operational History The Liberator first saw combat action with the RAF in 1941, however due to their unsuitability they were reassigned to RAF Coastal Command and transport duty. Improved RAF Liberator IIs, featuring self-sealing fuel tanks and powered turrets, flew the types first bombing missions in early 1942, launching from bases in the Middle East. Though Liberators continued to fly for the RAF throughout the war, they were not employed for strategic bombing over Europe. With the US entry into World War II, the B-24 began to see extensive combat service. The first US bombing mission was a failed attack on Wake Island on June 6, 1942. Six days later, a small raid from Egypt was launched against the Ploesti oil fields in Romania. As US bomber squadrons deployed, the B-24 became the standard American heavy bomber in the Pacific Theater due to its longer range, while a mix of B-17 and B-24 units were sent to Europe. Operating over Europe, the B-24 became one of the principal aircraft employed in the Allies Combined Bomber Offensive against Germany. Flying as part of the Eighth Air Force in England and the Ninth and Fifteenth Air Forces in the Mediterranean, B-24s repeated pounded targets across Axis-controlled Europe. On August 1, 1943, 177 B-24s launched a famous raid against Ploesti as part of Operation Tidal Wave. Departing from bases in Africa, the B-24s struck the oil fields from low altitude but lost 53 aircraft in the process. Battle of the Atlantic While many B-24s were hitting targets in Europe, others were playing a key role in winning the Battle of the Atlantic. Flying initially from bases in Britain and Iceland, and later the Azores and the Caribbean, VLR (Very Long Range) Liberators played a decisive role in closing the air gap in the middle of the Atlantic and defeating the German U-boat threat. Utilizing radar and Leigh lights to locate the enemy, B-24s were credited in the sinking of 93 U-boats. The aircraft also saw extensive maritime service in the Pacific where B-24s and its derivative, the PB4Y-1, wreaked havoc on Japanese shipping. During the course of the conflict, modified B-24s also service as electronic warfare platforms as well as flew clandestine missions for the Office of Strategic Services.   Crew Issues While a workhorse of the Allied bombing effort, the B-24 was not hugely popular with American air crews who preferred the more rugged B-17. Among the issues with the B-24 was its inability to sustain heavy damage and remain aloft. The wings in particular proved vulnerable to enemy fire and if hit in critical areas could give way completely. It was not uncommon to see a B-24 falling from the sky with its wings folded upwards like a butterfly. Also, the aircraft proved highly susceptible to fires as many of the fuel tanks were mounted in the upper parts of the fuselage. In addition, crews nicknamed the B-24 the Flying Coffin as it possessed only one exit which was located near the tail of the aircraft. This made it difficult to impossible for the flight crew to escape a crippled B-24. It was due to these issues and the emergence of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress in 1944, that the B-24 Liberator was retired as a bomber at the end of hostilities. The PB4Y-2 Privateer, a fully navalized derivative of the B-24, remained in service with the US Navy until 1952 and with the US Coast Guard until 1958. The aircraft was also used in aerial firefighting through 2002 when a crash led to all remaining Privateers being grounded.

Free Essays on Acceptance Letter

Medicine offers the opportunity for me to integrate different scopes of science while trying to improve human life. Medicine has intrigued me all throughout my life because it’s a never-ending mystery and every answer has questions, and vice versa. Throughout my life, I have worked towards one goal which is to become a doctor. I know that the road that I take to become a doctor is going to be very challenging, however I fee that my past has prepared me for taking on the challenge. My struggle began when I was 5 months old. My mother sent me to Liberia, Africa to live with my grandmother due to the unsuspecting birth of me. After living in war for eight years, without my mother, and living in a n impoverished country I came back to the United States. I began my education in the second grade without having any previous schooling, therefore I was demoted to the first grade at an age of eight years old. The school system labeled me as retarded and placed me in remedial clas ses. I had an early determination to prove to myself and others around me that I wasn’t retarded because I knew that it wasn’t that I was retarded, it was only because I wasn’t taught the materials. After two months of learning how to read and write, I slowly became the top of my class. The first term of my first grade year I finished by making average grades and then through persistence and the help of my mom, I excelled throughout the second term of my first grade year. Since then I knew that I started out disadvantaged amongst my peer but through hard work I could do anything. However, I knew when I was 9 years old in the second grade that I was behind. My mother and step-dad move to a different state and made me skip third grade without acquiring any knowledge. Therefore, I had to learn everything I needed to know about the third grade when I was placed in the fourth grade. I knew that I had to jump over this hurdle with me skipping the third ... Free Essays on Acceptance Letter Free Essays on Acceptance Letter Medicine offers the opportunity for me to integrate different scopes of science while trying to improve human life. Medicine has intrigued me all throughout my life because it’s a never-ending mystery and every answer has questions, and vice versa. Throughout my life, I have worked towards one goal which is to become a doctor. I know that the road that I take to become a doctor is going to be very challenging, however I fee that my past has prepared me for taking on the challenge. My struggle began when I was 5 months old. My mother sent me to Liberia, Africa to live with my grandmother due to the unsuspecting birth of me. After living in war for eight years, without my mother, and living in a n impoverished country I came back to the United States. I began my education in the second grade without having any previous schooling, therefore I was demoted to the first grade at an age of eight years old. The school system labeled me as retarded and placed me in remedial clas ses. I had an early determination to prove to myself and others around me that I wasn’t retarded because I knew that it wasn’t that I was retarded, it was only because I wasn’t taught the materials. After two months of learning how to read and write, I slowly became the top of my class. The first term of my first grade year I finished by making average grades and then through persistence and the help of my mom, I excelled throughout the second term of my first grade year. Since then I knew that I started out disadvantaged amongst my peer but through hard work I could do anything. However, I knew when I was 9 years old in the second grade that I was behind. My mother and step-dad move to a different state and made me skip third grade without acquiring any knowledge. Therefore, I had to learn everything I needed to know about the third grade when I was placed in the fourth grade. I knew that I had to jump over this hurdle with me skipping the third ...

Impact of Oil Prices on the US Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Impact of Oil Prices on the US Economy - Essay Example Although the rise in prices of oil has been large it has not been sudden and the economies of the major economic powers have adjusted to the change. The rise in oil prices will definitely result in an across the board change in prices and thus inflation rates will continue to be high. However the likelihood of this leading to a recession in the US and other large economies of the world is remote. Over the last five years, US natural gas markets have known three major price shocks and have continued to present extremely high volatility (BNP-Paribas). In the past sudden increases in the prices of oil have been followed by sharp increase in inflation, followed by a recession. Again there has been a sharp rise in the prices of oil and it is necessary to understand what effects this can have on the economy and take corrective action where possible and required. With the experience over the last 40 years it is now possible to arrive at a clearer picture of what effects an oil price shock can have. Economists have developed conceptual frameworks to assist in understanding the effects of a sudden increase in any of the inputs to production, that is, labour and capital. These models can be extended to include the effect of oil price shock to allow analysis of the effects of such an event. The political events in the Middle-East, that led to rise in the price of oil, and their relation with the recessions in the US economy, since the first big rise in 1973, are listed in Table 1, enclosed. An examination of this information shows the political events in the Middle East that led to price rise of oil and the recessions during the same period. There does not seem to be an immediate relationship between the two, but if we factor in other information such as the timing of the interference of the central banks/ Government by adjusting interest rates and other fiscal measures to bolster the economy, the stocks of oil at the time of the rise in prices and also the size and performance of that segment of the economy which is not connected directly to the price of oil. As the development rates of the world economy reach all time highs the recession another oil price hike may cause will be difficult to control, since simultaneously interest rates are already very low and further tightening of money supply would yield very marginal results. Because of the phenomenal growth of the world economy things have become quite different from what was historically normal. Real oil prices have reached twice their average over the past two decades, Bond yields have reached the lowest ever levels, American savings are at record lows while the current-account deficit is at a record high (Woodall P, 2006). Discussion Rise in prices of gasoline hit us all