The Fingerprint Identification Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fingerprint Identification - Assignment Example Sometimes differences or dissimilarities may arise from the fingerprint identification process. These differences do not imply that there is no identification. My opinion is that it is not right that there is non-identification. It is a fact that non-identification would not be possible because the print contains so many matching characteristics, for instance, it has a total of 28 ridges structures that are clearly observable. A print with many matching characteristics like this confirms identification. It would thus not have any dissimilarity. The 28 ridge structures in identification are so much and efficient to confirm the presence of an identification in this scenario. Dissimilarity can only be in the prints that are not matching (Leo, 1998). The structures are sufficient matching characteristics hence, can be used to used to make the evaluation to remove the possibility that the giver of the latent print could be someone else. Dissimilarity only shows that there is an inadequate detail to be certain of the detection. Uncertainty may exist in some latent print assessors who are interchanging the terms distortion and dissimilarity. The impact of such misunderstanding may be a loss of credibility when the latent print examiners cannot support their results. The similarities are used to ascertain identity (Leo, 1998). However, dissimilarity proves that two prints are not matching hence; they are not from the same print. When matching characteristics have been found to detect an identity, there cannot be dissimilarities (Leo, 1998). The notion that dissimilarity can be present despite the number of matching features is not applicable. If this were accurate, then there would forever be dissimilarity. This would eventually mean that identification can never be made. Sometimes distortions can also change the manifestation of prints. The distortions can also obstruct the relationship. They are recurrent in all prints.  

Philosophy of Richard Rorty Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Richard Rorty Essay In his philosophy as ‘edifying’ Rorty is at the midst of explaining the conceptual framework of the nature of philosophy in the past, present as well as the future. According to him, his philosophical framework comprises of editing the works and other philosophical conceptual thoughts. He thinks that, what other philosophers talk about philosophy in the ancient times, the modern and the future are unworthy and needs pragmatic changes to adequately meet philosophical reasoning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in his philosophizing capacity, he has met various opposition from the community. They term his philosophy as unpalatable and without full exploration to the authentic nature of philosophical thoughts. Elsewhere, they accuse his philosophical thought as implausible with pragmatic thought, unclear, unconvincing and with full of misappropriation. However, a portion of the population argues that such philosophy is humanly liberating with profound image of exhilaration. According to his proposes, his philosophy provides a conception of changing imagery of the critique of philosophy in the real worldview. Since his philosophy comprehends challenge to the works of great thinkers, it would be illogical to undermine at a close range of his activity. Elsewhere, he made a fast sensibility and also formal response the cultural biography of philosophical adventures with the pragmatic world and   his system of philosophizing which comprise of finding, naming and/or creating new hypothetical philosophical literature is perhaps the best way to gain and create philosophical knowledge. (http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-13/chapter_x.htm) However, his philosophical sense is illusionary and incoherent to the factual knowledge search. His attack to the philosophical literatures is based on fallacious context which is only aimed at bringing personal tribute to the broad society. In my personal capacity, I think Richard is out of philosophical senses to edify the coherent philosophical biographies which have done a lot to shadow down global dogmatism. His edifying activity is only made to retract the accuracy of philosophical teachings from its liberal coherency.   (http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-13/chapter_x.htm) Reference Rorty: From Philosophy To Post-Philosophy. Retrieved on 10th March 2008, from   http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-13/chapter_x.htm

Fredrick Douglas And Harriet Jacobs Essay example -- American History

During the 1800s, slaves received treatment comparable to that of livestock. They were mere possessions of white men stripped of almost every last bit of humanity in them. African-Americans were constricted to this state of mind by their owners vicious treatment, but also the practice of keeping them uneducated. Keeping the slaves illiterate hindered them from understanding the world around them. Slave owners knew this. The slaves who were able to read and write always rebelled more against their masters. Frederick Douglass, author of "A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass," and Harriet Jacobs, author of "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," were prime examples. Both slaves had been taught how read and write at a young age, and both gained their freedom by escaping to the northern states. What they had learned also helped them stay free while in the northern states after the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 which left no slave truly free. The literate slaves thought wit h a more free mind and developed a sense of self-identity and denied the identity of a slave. Literate slaves caught on to the immorality and injustice of slavery on black people. Another problem slave owners had with literate slaves was the potential for them to educate other slaves and give them thoughts of escaping or helping other slaves escape. Frederick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs both wrote of this in their books. Douglass was separated from his mother at an early age in order to prevent any feelings of attachment to her. His father was a white man, he might have been the man responsible for separating him from his mother. As a young child on the plantation, Douglass was exposed to the abuse of slave women received from their masters. Thi... ...rson's writing meant nothing legally, it helped out when escaping to freedom. Jacobs was able to send letters to Dr. Flint from inside her grandmother's attic space. She kept him traveling the northern states looking for her by saying she was in that state in a letter and had the postmark from that state. This was a very clever strategy on her part that ultimately played a big role in her gaining her freedom. If these slaves were not literate, it might have been more difficult to gain their freedom. Literacy saved Harriet Jacobs' and Frederick Douglass' sense of humanity from the dehumanizing institution of slavery. With the knowledge they had acquired, they published their books, "A Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass" and "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl." They also played a huge role in the abolitionist movement and in advocating human rights.

The Lottery vs State of Grace Essay -- essays research papers

Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" talks about a community that follows a tradition. Every year the people take everyone's name, put it in a black box, and pick the name of a person. This person they stone to death. Their reason range from an idea that having the lottery makes them civilized to an idea that the lottery makes for good crops. The author suggests that the real reason is society’s need for a victim. When talking about communities that have given up the tradition of choosing one person to stone to death, "Old Man Warner snorted, 'Pack of crazy fools' he said. 'Listening to the young folks, nothing's good enough for them. Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon."'" (Jackson, The Granta... Page 66) This tradition causes the people of the town to destroy each other instead of working together to destroy the tradition. As Tessie Hutchinson is getting stoned, someone from her community puts a stone in her son's hand. Even the closest family member participates in the horror. "The children had stones already, and someone gave little Davey Hutchinson a few pebbles." (Jackson, The Granta... page 62-63) This action shows how tradition is being passed on literally from hand to hand. This stoning is the way that the people of the community act out their fear of being ...

Explain what is meant in the Bible by the phrase “God is good.”

A) Explain what is meant in the Bible by the phrase â€Å"God is good. †Many worshippers of God like to believe that he is intrinsically good; this means that he is good in himself. People try to argue this by the Bible and through many things in the Bible such as the 10 commandments and the creation of the universe as well as the many miracles of the Saints. God is seen to act morally good as he creates a world which is seen to be good, therefore he must be. â€Å"God saw that it was good, and it was good. † The Ten Commandments show us what good is according to God.The Ten Commandments explain to us how we should act and what our religious and social duties should be. God could be said to be showing his love for this through these laws. Another common biblical image of God is that of a judge to whom we all answer to, however, if God is seen as a judge â€Å"Psalms 75:7 But God is the Judge; He puts down one and exalts another,† then he must be trying to divide the good from the bad, we could see this as God trying to protect the people who worship him from the sinners, however it is hard to distinguish the bad from the good.The Ten Commandments offer a guide for this, so that we can see what is wrong and what is right, so therefore we could see this as a good act of God as throughout the Bible God demonstrates his desire for justice for his people. People may follow the Ten Commandments because they are scared of the possibility of going to Hell or that they are so full of faith for the Lord that they follow them without thinking, that if it is the wish of God then they must act and follow these rules. The Old Testament displays God as being vengeful and punishing those who sin, whereas in the New he is seen as being forgiving and loving.These are two sides of God which keep people obeying the Ten Commandments, as there are two opinions of him, one that he is punishing and the other that he is forgiving. God also punishes those because he loves all people and love involves showing another what they have done is wrong so they can learn from it. God could be seen as good, as even though he punishes those who have sinned, if they repent they can go to Heaven, which means he gives everyone a chance.God is a transcendent being therefore some people believe that we cannot  understand God’s actions as it is far too complex for us to comprehend. This is written in the Bible with the story of Issac and Abraham. In Genesis 22 as a test for Abraham God says to him â€Å"Take your son, your only son, Issac, whom you love, and go to the region of Moriah. Sacrifice him there as a burnt offering. † Abraham responded to God’s command with immediate obedience. Christians believe that if we obey God without question and trust that His plan is best we exalt His qualities and praise Him. Due to Abraham’s unwavering trust and faith in God provides Christians with an example they must follow.As God saw Abrah am’s belief in Him an Angel came down to Abraham and told him he could sacrifice a ram instead. God uses Abraham’s faith as an example of the type of faith required for salvation. This type of faith in the Lord is the basis for the Christian religion and that we should follow in this way when we receive the Christian faith for the sacrifice God made for our sins, Jesus Christ. We may not know what He has planned but that it must be for the greater good so we must follow His wishes. Not only do people have faith in God, but in the Bible and that we are lead to believe God is good and nothing else.Jesus Christ preformed many miracles in the Bible such as feeding the 5,000, raising a widow’s son from the dead and healing a paralysed man as well as many more. Not only that but there are over 10,000 people that have been canonised including St. Joan of Arc, St. Francis of Assisi and St. Valentine. To become a Saint you have to perform a miracle and it be recognised b y the Catholic Church. Miracles bring much happiness and joy to people and the act can rarely be explained, surely these acts are a great act of God and must be good if they bring happiness. People also believe God is good because he keeps human kind in some sort of order.Law breaking is bad therefore we are punished if we do break the law. The law is there to make us be good individuals and do the right thing according to society. When we follow the law we are told we are being good and are rewarded with a chance to go to Heaven, this is told to us in the Bible. A chance at getting to Heaven is an incentive for us to do good deeds and abide the law. We then read from this that if we are good we are rewarded and if we are bad we are punished which keeps people abiding by the law and why so many people over thousands of years have been scared at the prospect of going to Hell.People could view this as God keeping us in line and not letting us stray and do the wrong thing; in essence h e is saving us from going to Hell by creating laws and putting them in place so we know what is right and wrong. In conclusion, the phrase â€Å"God is good† in the Bible means that God in himself is good, he can never be otherwise as he is just good. His acts are good and the punishment he inflicts on others is so they change their ways and realise what they’ve done and repent their sins. He does this out of love for every human as we are created in his image and he wants us all to be cleansed of sin and go to Heaven.He uses the Ten Commandments to set these guidelines for us and help us on our journey to Heaven as well as showing us some of his goodness with the miracles that can occur in this world. The miracles that we hear of in the Bible make many people wonder what Heaven is actually like if something so great is described and it makes people seek out repentance as well as being good ourselves so we are allowed to go to Heaven.B) â€Å"It is difficult to believ e in a God who is perfectly good. †(10) Many sceptics of God and the Christian faith think that it’s hard to believe there is a God that is good in himself and can’t be anything but that.Not only that but many people also believe that he is not good, as so much punishment is shown in the Old Testament and the idea that God created Hell in the first place to punish people who sin. People argue that if God is omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent and omnibenevolent he would not let natural disasters to happen, even though Christians say natural disasters happen to punish humankind for our sins. The Lord God of the Scriptures says this about himself. â€Å"For the Lord your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God.†As well as this, it is also written in Psalm 5:5 â€Å"You hate all who do wrong,† therefore it is hard to believe that God is a forgiving and loving God who accepts everyone, if he hates all who do wrong, even if they are regretful about it. In many different scriptures God is described as wrathful and punishes those who do wrong, this was most likely written to stop people from sinning and obey the 10 Commandments. This still does not make people want to believe in him, however, and many people question whether God can be perfectly good if he is punishing those who do the slightest thing wrong even if it was to help someone else.If God is being described as jealous and hateful, then we can deduce that he is not all good as he has a capacity to hate, which is seen as negative by most. He is also described as warmongering as he constantly is battling evil and Satan. People could say these wars are necessary and that he must protect us from Hell and the Devil, however in the New Testament it completely goes against this describing him as peaceful and forgiving so it is difficult to know whether he is punishing the sinners for the rest of humankind’s benefit or that he is just being hateful towards anyway who slightly steps out of line.Moreover, the story of Abraham and Issac also challenge our idea of God being all peaceful as he asks Abraham to sacrifice his son which he is willing to do. A lot of non-believers would ask why God asks this in the first place as it seems completely morally wrong to tell a father to kill his only child. Christians argue this was to test Abraham’s faith in God, but surely Abraham would feel conflicted about doing this if he cared for Issac at all. This could tell people who do not believe in God that God almost corrupts people who worship him as they think that is the most important thing to do in life and nothing else.This could be an example of one of the ways God isn’t perfectly good if he commands the people who follow him to kill their own children to prove they have faith in him. Not only that but if there is evil in the world to start with, God must have created this evil, therefore how can he be all good? God created Hell and all his Angels, Lucifer, one of his angels was cast out from Heaven and sent to Hell where he became known as the Devil. God did not create evil as nothing evil can come from God. Satan and other demons were at first good angels, created by God, but they became evil of their own free will, given by God.This â€Å"fall† was a free choice of these created spirits, who rejected God and his reign. Therefore Christians would say that it was not God’s fault however he created Heaven and Hell therefore he must have known or considered there to be some evil in the world. Many people can see why Christians believe in God, that there are so many different texts saying he is our protector and that he loves humankind and is forgiving and all-knowing. However I do agree with the statement â€Å"It is difficult to believe in a God who is perfectly good,† as there are many texts that also say he is vengeful, wrathful and warmongering.It says he is hateful and that he condemns sinners so itâ⠂¬â„¢s hard to believe in a God when there are two sides to the story. When there are stories of God commanding people to kill their children to prove their faith and that God created Hell in the first place. Christians like to believe in God for security as they believe him to be intrinsically good, but how do they know this is true when there is so much punishment and hate in some of the scriptures describing him. This is why many people are sceptical that he exists and if he is actually all good.

23 Anthropology Essay Topics on Dorset Culture

23 Anthropology Essay Topics on Dorset Culture One of the cultures discussed during anthropology course is the Dorset culture. Since your instructor would want you to read more about it, you may be tasked with an essay on it. In order to make yours stand out from the rest of the class and ensure that you get a good grade as a result, use the following facts to support your essay. The timeline of the Dorset Culture is divided into four periods: The Early (beginning around 500 BCE) Middle Late (beginning around CE 800) Terminal (between CE 1000 to 1500) It is evident from various digging sites of the Dorset that the Thule migrated from east of Alaska during the Terminal period. The expression â€Å"Cape Dorset Culture† was coined by Diamond Jenness in 1925. While studying the mixed collections that came from the Hudson Strait Area and Cape Dorset on Baffin Island, Jenness deduced that the culture existed before the Thule. Dorset and later the Thule people were the civilization which the Norse encountered when they visited the area. Calling them skrà ¦ling, which means ‘primitive people’, the Norse noted that they were strong and gigantic in structure, but easily scared. The Dorset Culture existed in Foxe Basin, which is a shallow oceanic basin north of Hudson Bay. They primarily resided in the areas of Nunavik, Labrador, Newfoundland and Low Arctic of Nunavut. Common objects found at Dorset sites include snow knives. This indicates that this civilization had knowledge and experience in making snow houses, which are now known as Igloos. Dorset people had great interest in carved objects, especially bears, fish and birds carved from bone, wood, ivory. They are considered the pioneers in carving artwork as none of the artefacts dating before their arrival were carved with such finesse. The Newfoundland Museum houses a substantial collection dug from Dorset sites. The collection includes Polar Bears, Human Figures, Birds, Human Skull and many other artifacts. Most of these represent the Dorset’s beliefs, especially with regards to the supernatural. Nature aside, various archaeologists assume that the Dorset people’s artwork was mainly inspired from their spiritual beliefs. Although the Dorset people did trade with the Thule, they did not favor the idea of mingling with them and chose to remain isolated. Anthropologists assume that their art is what they used to differentiate themselves from the Thule. The Dorset Civilization descended from Paleo-Eskimos of the Pre-Dorset Culture in 2000-500 BCE. By comparison, the Dorset people had a more prosperous economy and lived in permanent snow and turf-made houses. The earlier Dorset people did not hunt land animals such as caribou or polar bear because they did not have proper hunting tools like the arrow and bow. They survived by hunting sea mammals like the seal, which they hunted by cutting holes in the ice. In the Nunavik region, the late Dorset populations mainly hunted all mammals except the large whales or fed on migratory birds. They were fond of collecting various species of plants as well. There is no genetic connection between the Dorset and the Thule people. This shows that intermarriage between the two cultures did not happen. However, there was trade of knowledge between them as the Thule engaged in seal-hole hunting after migrating. Seal-hole hunting was not part of the Thule’s tradition, which could mean that the Dorset people must have taught them this skill. According to some scholars, Sadlermiut were the last remnants of the Dorset culture, as their culture and dialect differed from the mainland Inuit. This theory came to light during a mitochondrial DNA research in 2002. Another similar research in 2012 showed no link between the Sadlermiut and the Dorset. The hunting technology of the Dorset Culture included small triangular end-blades which they hefted onto harpoon heads. The harpoons were then used to hunt seals as well as larger sea mammals such as the walrus and narwhals. The Dorset people used soapstones to make lamps and relied on seal oil to fuel them. They used these lamps for heating and illuminating their homes during long, cold and dark winter months. The Dorset people had ice-creepers which resemble the modern Alaskan ice-creeper. However, the Dorset Ice-creeper may have been inspired by a similar object before it was replaced altogether in that region. Traditionally settling on coasts, the Dorset civilization lived in small tent rings that often included axial features. Their houses were generally subterranean, and their tents were skin-covered in summer time. This shows that they were more inclined towards the sea than their descendants, the Palaeo-Eskimo, as most of their houses were exposed to headlands and outer islands. They also had structures that resemble long houses, which they used in periods of extreme winter. During this time, Dorset families gathered and lived under a single roof. Dorset people used to live in small, close-knit communities. Each village consisted of no more than 20 to 30 people. The Late Dorset flintknappers were capable of producing a wide number of lithic materials such as slate, basalt, agate, quartzite and soapstone. These were then used for making a variety of weapons and knife blades. The Dorset people often used driftwood for construction. It was rarely used, though, because it was not being brought in continuously due to long distances. It is believed that the Dorset people had transportation means to travel through sea as well as on land. There is evidence suggesting that they made sleds, which were either pulled by hand or animals. Some archaeologists also believe that the Dorset built Kayak-like Boats. A large number of bones found at Dorset sites were of various bird species. They were presumably captured by nets or on open water when they could not fly during molting season. The Dorset culture started to disappear from the Labrador around 1500 years ago. They disappeared entirely from Greenland and the Canadian arctic. Their initial displacement from outside of the island of Newfoundland may have been due to the Thule. Why did the Dorset People disappear is still under-debate. Thule people had a strong history of warfare and had better hunting weapons then them, which is probably why conflicts between the two civilizations may have eliminated the former. However, the Medieval Warm Period may have threatened the existence of the Dorset population beforehand. These should give sufficient insights for you to write an anthropology essay on Dorset culture. Additionally you may check our 20 topics and 1 sample essay on Dorset culture as well a complete guide to write an essay paper  in  anthropology. References: Michael Fortescue, Steven Jacobson Lawrence Kaplan (1994): Comparative Eskimo Dictionary; with Aleut Cognates (Alaska Native Language Center Research Paper 9) Robert McGhee (2005): The Last Imaginary Place: A Human History of the Arctic World Robert McGhee (2001): Ancient People of the Arctic Plummet Patrick, Lebel Serge (1997). Dorset Tip Fluting: A Second American Invention. Arctic Anthropology 34 (2): 132–162. Renouf M.A.P. (1999). Prehistory of Newfoundland Hunter-Gatherers: Extinctions or Adaptations?. World Archaeology 30 (3): 403–420 Bonvillain, Nancy. The Inuit. Chelsea House Publishers, 1995 britannica.com/topic/Dorset-culture

I believe that it is appropriate to begin this coursework with a quote Essays

I believe that it is appropriate to begin this coursework with a quote Essays I believe that it is appropriate to begin this coursework with a quote Essay I believe that it is appropriate to begin this coursework with a quote Essay Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces acting on it.Newtons First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)This quote, Newtons first law of motion, is basically what I am trying to prove. The idea that an object will continue to move with the same speed unless some other force is acting on it. In this case, friction.Account of the Experiment and Data Gained.The data that I am going to analyse has been obtained from an experiment performed in class, involving a buggy being rolled down a slope at an incline of 7.7o and passing through a light gate which I shall move down the ramp gradually. The diagram below (Fig 1)illustrating the experiment.Fig 1The experiment was performed for eight different ranges 20cm 160cm, increasing in steps of 20cm with 3 attempts at each distance.Plan of calculationsThe aim of my coursework is to attempt to discover the coefficient of friction and locate any patterns throug hout the data.To look for patterns I will plot a distance time graph and a force time graph, working out the gradient to give me acceleration down the ramp. I will also work out the gravitational component with expected values.To attempt to find the coefficient of friction, I will look for any deviance from the expected values of acceleration, and once the results are compared, discover the differing value of friction.I will use the equations F = Ma and a = ?V/?T.Expected ValuesFig 2To find velocity A I will break up the downward force C. I know the angle of the ramp isSin = o/h. =0.327/2.44 = 0.134. Sin-1 = 7.701oThe other angle (B) in the triangle = 180-7.701-90 = 82.3oSo breaking up the force gives us: -Fig 3Original force (Black) of 9.8 x 0.6678 = 6.544(The error in the mass is extremely small+/-0.0001, I have decided that it is negligible in the following calculations)Force A (Blue arrow) of 6.544cos82.3 = 0.877And Force B (red) arrow that is balanced by the upward force of the ramp(Green upward arrow).Acceleration (at bottom of ramp) = F/M = 0.877/0.6678 = 1.3 ms-2The potential energy of the trolley at the top of the hill should be 0.877N, and get to the bottom with an acceleration of 1.3 ms-2. The acceleration values from the graph need to be below 1.3 ms-2 to be acceptable data.Data analysisData that was gained from the experiment: -Fig 4DistanceTimeVelocityRun 1Run 2Run 3AverageRun 1Run 2Run 3Average200.410.40.310.3730.720.730.710.720400.590.590.630.6031.021.021.021.020600.780.780.910.8231.231.221.231.227801.091.1511.0801.391.391.391.3901001.091.151.121.1201.541.541.541.5401201.381.411.281.3571.641.641.631.6371401.431.51.561.4971.731.731.721.7271601.531.651.841.6731.841.841.831.837To calculate the average acceleration, I used a = ?V/?TFig 5Average Acceleration01.9291.6911.4901.2871.3751.2061.1541.098As you can see. The average acceleration of the cart is way over the 1.3 ms-2 that I estimated above. This could possible be explained by the cart having been pushed and so has an initial velocity ; 0.The most useful graph to plot will be a Velocity/time graph, (Graph 1), using this to calculate acceleration, from the acceleration values I will be able to work out the resistance value: -(Resultant) F = Mg-Fr(Since F= Ma)Ma = Mg-FrBy rearranging this formula to get the Frictional Force Fr.A Fr = Mg-MaSo by working out lots of acceleration values I will gain resistance values. The values have been taken from graph 9.(Fig 6)1. Into formula AFr = (0.6678 x 9.8 x cos82.3) 1.15 x 0.6678Fr = 0.876 0.768Fr = 0.1082. Into formula AFr = (0.6678 x 9.8 x cos82.3) 0.2 x 0.6678Fr = 0.876 0.134Fr = 0.7423. Into formula AFr = (0.6678 x 9.8 x cos82.3) -0.08 x 0.6678Fr = 0.876 0.053Fr = 0.823The next graph will be a Friction / Distance graph (Graph 2). From it I hope to establish if the frictional force is constant or changes.The distances I will use will be 20 cm, 60 cm, 100 cm and 140 cm. I shall use the data gained in fig 5 for this graphFig 7a = ?V/?TFor 20cma = 0.72 0/0.373 0a = 1.929 ms-2For 60 cma = 1.227/0.823a = 1.490 ms-2For 100 cma = 1.540/1.120a = 1.375 ms-2For 140 cma = 1.727/1.497a = 1.154 ms-2From this data I will calculate the expected friction using the formula: -Ma = Mg-FrFr = Mg MaAv AccelerationMassGravityFriction00001.9290.66789.85.2571.6910.66789.85.4151.4900.66789.85.5491.2870.66789.85.6851.3750.66789.85.6261.2060.66789.85.7391.1540.66789.85.7741.0980.66789.85.811From this graph (Graph 2) I have determined that as distance increases so does the resistance. The resistance increases in regular amounts so I will be able to work out that amount to give me the coefficient (coeff) of frictionNow I have values for resistance I will attempt to find a relationship that will allow me to find the coefficient of friction. The frictional force depends on 2 things, the coefficient of Friction with the surface that the cart is in contact with and the upward force exerted by the ramp, which I will call Fup. For t his formula to work I must treat the cart as a point mass.The formula that I have found is Fr = coeff Fr x FupThe friction data was taken from fig 6.Inserting the data for gives me0.108 = coeff Fr x (6.544 x cos84.2)Rearranging gives me an answer of: -0.108/0.865 = 0.125By subtracting this value from the perfect results I should find the actual force of acceleration.0.877-0.125 = 0.752Now by using a = F/M I should find the acceleration that I found in part 1).a = 0.752/0.6678a = 1.126 ms-2This value is extremely close to the value of 1.15 ms-2 from the graph and I put down the difference to inaccurate gradient measurement. The alternative to this would be that the cart actually had 2 coefficients of friction. One to start the cart, the other is whilst the cart is moving.Comparison between the gravitational potential energy and the energy transformed into kinetic energy.K = 1/2mv2This is the formula that I will use to calculate the kinetic energy transferred to the cart. With the fol lowing equation I will work out gravitational potential energy.?GPE = Mg?hTo start I will calculate the kinetic energy.Starting with the following data I will perform a sample calculation.Av VelocityMass0.7200.6678K = 1/2mv2= 1/2 x 0.6678 x (0.72)2= 0.173 JThe rest of the data follows suit: -kinetic energy (J)Av VelocityMass0000.1730.7200.66780.3471.0200.66780.5021.2270.66780.6451.3900.66780.7921.5400.66780.8941.6370.66780.9951.7270.66781.1261.8370.6678Next I will work out gravitational potential energy?GPE = Mg?hTo work out the height at each of the distance values I will use trigonometry.Sina?hSin7.7o = a/0.2a = 0.2 x sin7.7a = 0.03I shall use the distance values from the following points.Here is a sample calculation. For a ramp length of 0.2 and height 0.03GPE = 0.6544 x 9.8 x 0.3= 1.309Distance (M)Mass (Kg)GravityGPE00000.20.65449.81.3090.40.65449.82.6180.60.65449.83.9270.80.65449.85.23610.65449.86.5441.20.65449.87.8531.40.65449.89.1621.80.65449.810.471Comparing Kinetic energy a nd gravitational potential, shows that a tiny proportion of energy is actually converted into kinetic energy as the table below and graph 3 shows: -GPEKinetic Energy001.2830.1732.5650.3473.8480.5025.1300.6456.4130.7927.6960.8948.9780.99510.2611.126ConclusionIn conclusion the cart is extremely inefficient and looses lots of potential energy through friction. There were many problems with the data, there was flex in the ramp, the measurements for distance were very rough and we did not use a set square. The light gate was only lined up by eye and there were parallax errors in the time calculations.From the data I have plotted several graphs and have worked out what size component of the main force friction was using formulas. I attempted to work out the coefficient of friction but the value that I got was out by 0.024ms-2.

Rome Example

Rome Example Rome – Coursework Example Rome Rome The fall of the Ancient Rome started as long as 190 AD. The main reason that contributed to the fall of Rome was disunity in the military and poor administration of the empire. The Roman Army did spread all over in the Western Europe, and each section of the army was governed with different ideas and leadership. Notably, each part of the army needed a different person for an emperor. In fact, one part of the army could fight and make its member an emperor after which another part of the army could wedge a war on the army in power and put its own member in power (Markel, 2008). Between 211 and 284 AD, twenty-three soldier emperors had governed Roman Empire and rival army killed twenty of these emperors. The lack of law and order in the ancient Roman Empire contributed to its fall. Later in 284 AD, Rome was divided into smaller empires including the Western and Eastern Empire that the Diocletian though could be easy to govern. Different leaders with different and distinct geo logical and responsibilities led a different empire (Markel, 2008). Nonetheless, more administrative problems rose, and more military defense were needed across the Rome Empire; thus, there was a need to recruit more military. However, the empire did not have enough money to sustain the military and other administrative matters. Therefore, it increased taxed thereby increasing prices of goods and services offered to people. These military and administrative steps made the Romans lose confidence in the leadership of the empire. Additionally, the Roman army lost its glory and power to defend and protect the empire, when other tribes including the Ostrogoth raided Rome, the army could not defend the empire, and Romans could only make deals with these tribes (Markel, 2008). These are among the factors that contributed to fall or the powerful Roman Empire.ReferenceMarkel, R. J. (2008).  The fall of the Roman Empire. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books.

Criminal Justice Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Justice Law - Essay Example This essay studies the Criminal Justice Law itself and focuses on the concept of â€Å"Arrestable Offences†, defined under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. They enable police to exercise certain related powers like entry to premises, arrest, searches following arrest, and provisions while in custody. Definitions of arrestable offences under Section 24 of the Act include an offence for which the sentence is fixed by law; i.e. murder and offences for which a first time offender of legal age could be sentenced to terms of 5 years or more. Such offences constitute the most common ones including theft, serious assault, burglary and criminal damage. Some other offences are listed in a separate schedule of the act, which did not attract 5 year sentences but are to be considered in the same category as arrestable offences. These include offences like possession of offensive weapons, ticket touting etc. This list has expanded further with the inclusion of newly created offenc es and the number of exclusions dropped. Finally, the very concept of â€Å"Arrestable Offences† disappeared on enactment of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 which came into effect from 1st January 2006. The focus now changed to whether arrest is "necessary" in the sense of being under pressure of circumstance or physical or moral compulsion 4 to arrest the relevant person. 5. The change from a statute based decision to arrest or not, to a decision involving discretion on the part of the person making the arrest has serious implications especially in the context of the offenders’ rights.

Parent Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parent Letter - Essay Example tem, and decision-making concerning the collaborative measures to ensure students with disabilities receive efficient support for their academic, social and behavioral success. Students have equal opportunities to academic success regardless of whether they have a disability or not. However, for the student with a disability to achieve their dreams, I have put in place plans and support strategies that focus on providing an inclusive and collaborative learning environment. Your child’s needs, be it special needs, are clearly stipulated in reference to the Public law 101-476 (attached copy), which defines the rights of children with disabilities and their parents main role of participating in educational decision making for his/her child. The collaborative environment will aim at providing the appropriate diversified resources to meet all students’ special learning and behavioral needs. Consequently, the efforts towards a successful education are in the hands of a collaborative team initiative compromising teachers, parents, special educators, and the child (Dettmer, Thurston, Knackendoffel, & Dyck, 2013). I have put in place a collaborative co-teaching strategy in partnership with my colleagues, which aims at ensuring all students understands coursework intensively regardless of their diversified needs. This plan does not require any extra fee from the parent following, which is constituted in my schools constitution to promote success for all students at equal costs. In addition, the role of the parent in the co-teaching is to ensure that he/she gives detailed disability information of the child to the administration, which will help in the provision of necessary instructional and educational support by the special educators in collaboration with regular classroom teachers. Students will be evaluated, instructed, and tested with their first language prior to being introduced to language programs aimed at ensuring all students communicate and understands

Introduction to Universal Design for Learning -Guiding Questions Assignment

Introduction to Universal Design for Learning -Guiding Questions - Assignment Example Question 2. The framework of UDL comprises three basic principles. One of such principles tends to provide numerous ways of representation. This would let the individuals to know the instructions as directed by the instructors. In this principle, it can be concluded that learning differs in the way the learners recognize and use information. Another principle is identified to be providing multiple ways of action and expression. This would let the individuals to know the process through which learning occurs. In this principle, it can be concluded that the learning differentiates based on the approach of the learners in navigating the information. Moreover, the third principle is offering numerous ways of engagement. This would let the learners to know the reason for learning. Based on this principle, it can be concluded that certain affects are crucial element of learning and these would lead towards the progress or deterioration in learning procedure (National Center on Universal De sign for Learning, â€Å"Home†; Strauss, â€Å"Willingham: 3 Brain Facts Every Educator Should Know†). Question 3. Identifiably, there exists a significant association between the three principles of the UDL and three primary neutral networks that entail ‘recognition’, ‘affective’ as well as ‘strategic.’ In relation to the first principle concerning the deliverance of multiple ways of representation, it can be affirmed that the learners get influenced towards recognizing all the elements of learning. Moreover, with regards to the second principle, it can be apparently observed that the instructors often remain involved in offering numerous ways of action and expression, which in turn, results in making the learning procedure much more strategic. Furthermore, the third principle suggesting the offering of multiple ways to engagement for the

Homework26 27 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework26 27 - Coursework Example urned out to be the most severe problem in the early postwar years; Truman failed to turn his election victory into success for his Fair Deal agenda; His civil rights measures and proposals were rejected by the congress; Truman blamed political opponents for defeating his Fair Deal. The program also suffered from a wave of anti-Communist hysteria that weakened both left and liberal forces; Republicans who had attacked the New Deal as a plot radical now jumped on revelations of Soviet espionage Cold War setbacks to accuse Democrats of fostering internal subversion. Eisenhower pledged to end the Korean War, and he made good of his pledge as he left Korea divided at the thirty-eighth parallel, with the North and south separated by 2.5 mile-wide demilitarized zone; The Truman administration judged the war a success for containment as the United States had supported its promise in aiding the resisting communism countries; The war had an enormous effect on defense policy and spending; the National Security Council Report, NSC 68, warned that the survival of the nation required military buildup, steered a huge increase in defense spending and a tripling of the armed forces; The war also convinced the Truman administration to expand its role in Asia by increasing help to the French (James et al 23). The general dissatisfaction with Truman’s involvement in the war gave Republicans a decided edge in the 1952’s election. Truman decided not to run for reelection. Voters enumerated their confidence in Eisenhower’s ability to end the war and this gave him a 55 percent win of the popular

The effect of minimum wage laws on income inequality Essay

The effect of minimum wage laws on income inequality - Essay Example Income inequality is one of the major problems faced by the society through out the world. It may vary in its extent from one country to another country, but is omnipresent in its existence. Several steps are required to reduce the income differences among different sections of the society. Even though effort have been made at government and non government levels, still lot of inequality in income is clearly visible which is to be managed effectively for better prosperity of mankind (Levy and Murnane, 1992). The effect of uneven distribution of income will certainly influence the income inequalities among different sections of the society. Minimum wages laws will significantly reduce these anomalies and reduce the income inequalities (David M Cutler and Lawrence F Katz,1992). However several researchers found that minimum wage laws may result in higher income inequalities (Cotterman, 1981 and Kaun, 1965). Literature has been collected from different sources relating to the origin of the minimum wages laws and their consequences in different countries. Similarly the information relating to the economic or income inequalities was also reviewed. Consequences of income inequalities and the necessity of minimum wages laws and international scenario of minimum wages were also studied and analyzed thoroughly. The positive and negative effects of minimum wages laws on income inequalities were discussed in detail. Wages are what a worker gets from money or solid appreciation of their work. This differs according to education and constitution the worker belongs to and works in. It is negotiable and thus the worker could offer more for his working time the more the appreciated he is and the effect of such behavior is the giving efficiently into the work done. If improperly done, the law has the right on the side of the customer and employer to cut

Homework26 27 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework26 27 - Coursework Example urned out to be the most severe problem in the early postwar years; Truman failed to turn his election victory into success for his Fair Deal agenda; His civil rights measures and proposals were rejected by the congress; Truman blamed political opponents for defeating his Fair Deal. The program also suffered from a wave of anti-Communist hysteria that weakened both left and liberal forces; Republicans who had attacked the New Deal as a plot radical now jumped on revelations of Soviet espionage Cold War setbacks to accuse Democrats of fostering internal subversion. Eisenhower pledged to end the Korean War, and he made good of his pledge as he left Korea divided at the thirty-eighth parallel, with the North and south separated by 2.5 mile-wide demilitarized zone; The Truman administration judged the war a success for containment as the United States had supported its promise in aiding the resisting communism countries; The war had an enormous effect on defense policy and spending; the National Security Council Report, NSC 68, warned that the survival of the nation required military buildup, steered a huge increase in defense spending and a tripling of the armed forces; The war also convinced the Truman administration to expand its role in Asia by increasing help to the French (James et al 23). The general dissatisfaction with Truman’s involvement in the war gave Republicans a decided edge in the 1952’s election. Truman decided not to run for reelection. Voters enumerated their confidence in Eisenhower’s ability to end the war and this gave him a 55 percent win of the popular

Analysis of the Film Inception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis of the Film Inception - Essay Example Cobb who is a character that is played by Leonardo DiCaprio is a business raider of the highest order and is in the business of invading the minds of targets to steal the ideas that they might have. An influential billionaire goes on to hire him so that he can do the opposite of what he actually does which will mean that he has to plant an idea into the mind of a rival. He is supposed to do it in perfectly in such a manner that the target will not have any clue that it has happened and will also think that it was his own idea. The task that he has been given has never been attempted prior to this time since he considers that â€Å"our minds are as alert to foreign ideas as our immune system is to pathogens† which makes it a task that is difficult and almost impossible. The wealthy man that has hired Cobb for the job makes him an offer that is difficult to turn down. This offer by Saito, who is the wealthy man, is so good that it would enable Cobb to return to his home and family since he was in forced exile. Cobb brings a team together and in this part, the movie depends on the procedures that are well established in all the movies that involve heists. The accomplices that he chooses to work together with are introduced in different scenes to the viewers. Arthur, who is played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt, has been Cobb’s associate for a long time; Earnes, played by Tom Hardy is an extremely good at deception; Yusuf, played by Dileep Rao is a reputable chemist.

The Subconscious in Characters in Gordimers Essay Example for Free

The Subconscious in Characters in Gordimers Essay She feels bewitched and cut off from reality. Marlow experiences a similar sense of insecurity as he travels up the Congo, a journey he describes as a timeless voyage back to the earliest beginnings of the world, when vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees were kings (30). He feels lost and insignificant in his surroundings, which irritates his pressure of being European. Marlow refers to himself and his boatload of pilgrims as wanderers who could have fancied ourselves the first men taking possession of an accursed inheritance We could not understand because we were too far and could not remember, because we were traveling in the night of the first ages, of those ages that are gone, leaving hardly a sign and no memories (44). Bam and Maureen also experience this psychological transportation from one reality to another. This would explain their unconsciously developed habit of speaking about life outside of the village in the past tense: Whites in the pass offices and labor bureau who used to have to seal with blacks all the time across the counter-speaking an African language was simply a qualification, so far as they were concerned, thats all. Something you had to have to get the job. What are you lecturing about? -But he hadnt noticed he had spoken of back there in past tense (Gordimer, 44). Nature provides an important influence the development of the subconscious in both novels. Conrad depicts Europe as the conquered earth, whereas Africa is described as monstrous and free. The unfamiliarity and immensity of Africas nature to the Europeans heightens their sense of insecurity. Maureen often stares into the wild expanse of the bush, the borders of her freedom, feeling lost and pathetic, a cat at a mouse-hole, before that immensity (Gordimer, 43). During the night, she feels that even the moon and stars had been stifled and the dense bush that hid everything was itself hidden (Gordimer, 47). Marlow also remarks on how the vastness of nature causes him to feel small and lost: Trees, trees, millions of trees, massive, immense, running up high; and at their foot, hugging the bank against the stream, crept the little begrimed steamboat, like a sluggish beetle crawling on the floor of a lofty portico. It made you feel very small, very lost (Conrad, 104). As Marlow is recounting a spiritual voyage of self-discovery, the Smales, particularly Maureen, also take a journey into the hidden self. For Maureen, the end result of having to live a life on mere necessity uncovers the selfishness and darkness within. Eventually, she becomes less and less of a wife and mother and drifts apart from the family. When the helicopter is heard at the end of the story, Maureen is more vibrant and happy than shes ever been since she arrived in the village, and runs for the helicopter, forgetting her family whom she no longer loves or feels obligated to. Little consideration is taken into the consequences she might bring upon her family or to Julys people. Marlows deep psychological journey into his own darkness leads him to the confrontation of the impulsive savagery in his unconsciousness he had never acknowledged while in the deceptive milieu of a civilized existence. Much of this reflection is based upon Marlows final meeting with the power-hungry egomaniac Kurtz, in which he describes him as lack[ing] restraint in the gratification of his various lusts, that there was something wanting in him (Conrad, 133). The modern odyssey the characters take toward the center of the Self within the primitive wilderness of Africa uncovered much of the characters personality the personality that had been hidden under the influence and pressure of being European. The African experience stirred the unconscious forces within the self, bringing out all the true, repressed dark aspects of the personality. Word Count: 1,490 Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, New York: Dover, 1990. Gordimer, Nadine. Julys People, London: Penguin Books, 1981. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol Gey, 1992. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Herta Company: Product Improvement Analysis and Plan

Herta Company: Product Improvement Analysis and Plan Report Title: A Study of a soy and wheat steak by the brand Herta in France    Summary The question of meat consumption is raised in almost every country in Europe. People are starting to reduce their meat consumption for various reasons such as its price, ethics, health or environment. Hence, the industry has to adapt and create an answer to that new demand. Some brands like Herta, a traditional cold meat brand company has created a new Vegetal range. The aim of this report is to study a soy and wheat steak from the brand Herta in France. First, the report will focus on an overall market situation of a product involving desk research of the current market situation and a focus group to evaluate the perceived quality of the product. The second part of the report will suggest a plan for product improvement, presenting variations that could be done to improve the product and its sales. In order to do that, a small survey was done to understand better the needs and the worries of the population who can potentially buy such a type of product. 2.1 What is Herta? The product of the Brand Herta is a soy and wheat steak. It belongs to a range of products called Le Bon Và ©gà ©tal, meaning The Good Vegetal. Herta is an industrial brand owned by Nestlà ©. It is famous for its pre-cooked Frankfurter, which is a seasoned smoked sausage made of beef and pork. Herta is currently the number one Frankfurter-brand throughout Europe, but not only that. Herta has an awareness rate of 96% and a penetration rate of 83% in France, and is the first brand of cold meats and has been the first brand overall in France for 3 years according to the Kantar World panel. Its position on the market has always been one of simplicity, and it has insisted a lot on this with its slogan The taste of simple things since 2012. Herta does the majority of its activity on the cold meat market with 60% of its sales in volume. It also sells fresh deli products. Recently, the brand announced an innovation which has broken with its usual business portfolio : the range Le Bon Và ©gà ©tal. According to Sophie Van Eeckhaute, brand manager at Herta, this new product is the latest strong undertaking of the company. Usually the market is only owned by specialists, but Herta wants to democratize the vegetal protein. While this product seems unusual for the brand, she highlights that Nestlà © is not new in this field since it owns Krupa, a product facility for production of such products. Le Bon Và ©gà ©tarien has more than 10 different recipes elaborated with vegetal proteins and each product is sold for around 2,75 â‚ ¬ with a weight of 150 to 200g. With this new product, Herta is aiming at flexitarians (30% of the population in France) who try to reduce their meat consumption, but also to vegetarians, who dont eat meat (2%) and vegans, who dont eat product from animals (0,5%). Herta wants to attract 30% of the vegetarian catering market of supermarkets. It is aiming at families who want to eat healthily and who want to reduce their consumption of animal proteins according to Catherine Petilon, marketing director at Herta. In Nestlà ©s opinion, the offer of fresh deli products doesnt fit with the needs of the French consumers. The consumers dont really know the brands which are positioned on the market of vegetal protein foods such as Sojasun, Cà ©rà ©al and Carrefour Veggie. The marketing director is convinced that Herta has a role to play on this market thanks to its notoriety. Indeed, the brand bets on its proximity to the meat market to erase the concern of a part of consumers to eat vegetal meat. (Prodimarques, 2016) 2.2 What does the product consist of? All the products from the range Le bon Và ©gà ©tal come with the European Label V with the mention vegetarian or vegan. However, it doesnt say anything about the presence or absence of GMO soy despite the fact that Herta assures that they only use non GMO soy. Focusing on the Soy and wheat steak: Figure 1 Picture of Hertas product Here is the list of ingredients: Soy proteins and rehydrated wheat proteins, water, vegetal oils, onions, corn starch, stabilizers E461, E407; salt, maltodextrin, yeast extract, aroma, onion powders, garlic powders, malt extract, caramel, spices, acidifier: E330. May contains eggs, sesame, celery and mustard. Table 1 Nutrition value of the soy and wheat steak by Herta Typical value For 100g Per portion (75g) % of recommended daily allowances Energy 158 kcal 119 kcal 6% Proteins 16g 12g 24% Fat (total) Saturated fatS 6g 0,7 4,5g 0,5g 6% 3% Carbohydrates 8g 6g 2% FibreS 4g 3g Salt 1,5 1,1g 19% (Source: OpenFoodFacts, 2016) 2.3 What is the situation of the market? The brand wants to establish itself in the niche of Vegetal meats which has a penetration rate, of 8,4% with only 4 purchases per year. But the sales are increasing by 10% each. Herta estimates that the sales are going to be multiplied by two within 2 years. In Germany, this market already represents 140 million of euros, while it is still only 28 million in France. The fresh deli products belonging to the vegetarian category like soya steaks have seen their sales increased by 11.9 % in mass retail in 2015 to reach 15.42 billion euros, according to IRI. Soy based products account for 2/3 of the sales. Over the same period, the overall fresh deli product market has also seen an augmentation of 5,6 % of its sale revenue. However, the average price of a vegetarian product decreased by 0.5% to 14,13 euros per kilo, while the average price of fresh products increased by 1,8% to 10,49 euros. 2.4 What is the situation of the product on the market? At the moment, there is no study available about the sales of the product and the sales of competitors. The market is still relatively new in France, and the company is not ready to reveal its sales figures. 2.5 Overall situation of the society Over the last years, significant changes have occurred in French food consumption habits. French people tend to eat more at home and in less time (according to euromonitor). But french people also spend less time cooking and want to eat more healthily at the same time. However, these differences of consumption also depend on criteria such as age. Hence, young adults (18-34) consume more processed foods than older people. They also use more delivery services and eat out more often. Besides, the generation born between 1977 and 1986 spends 8 times more money on processed food than the generation from 1920-1930 at the same age. This food consumption is the result of new aspirations which can be ethical, ecological, etc. This generation has to deal with the contradictions of the recommendations of nutrition from professionals and the pressure of the marketing of the government and of the food-business (Study from Agrimer: national French establishment of agricultural products, 2012). Therefore, 56% of the French say that they eat less meat compared to previous years. For 46% of interviewed people, this is because meat is too expensive. 35% say that industrial breeding doesnt respect animal welfare and 31% that meat is not good for health. Then, 26% quote the food scandals and 19% the respect of the environment. Among this panel, 61% eat meat at least once a day and 9% eat meat less than once a week. Now, 30% of French people are qualified as flexitarian. According to Terra eco (a specialized magazine), 26% of French people would be ready to become vegetarian. 1/2 French people occasionally consume vegetarian products and 1/5 vegan products. 1/5 declares themselves to be neo vegetarian. Nevertheless, 2/5 never have a meal without meat or fish. The profile of the typical vegan consumer is female, young and from a higher Socio-Professional Category. Above all, they look for healthy balanced and natural foods, which also respect the animal welfare, and also mistrust the food-industry. However, neo vegetarians prefer organic shops and brands. They also buy more in small local shops, sometimes up to twice as much as in supermarkets. (according to a report from arcane research). 2.6 Who are the main competitors? What are the main differences? To better understand the market, it is important to understand who the other competitors are. There are two different types of competitors: the ones from specialized shops, whose products have created the market, and the others which are sold in the same conditions as Hertas products and are more direct competitors. La Vie Claire: La Vie Claire is a chain of organic food stores. Products from La Vie Claire are only sold within their shops. They sell a very wide range of products which can substitute meat. Figure 2 Picture of La Vie Claires product Table 2 Nutrition value of the soy steak by La Vie Claire Characteristics Benefits Disadvantages Medium price: 3.50 â‚ ¬ for 180g Large range of product Only available in La Vie Claires shops Positioning: Specialized Food From real soy grains Too much fat: 22g against 6g in Hertas product From Organic Agriculture Not enough proteins: 11,6g against 16g in Hertas product The product can be seen Only 270 shops minimalistic Packaging (Source: La Vie Claire, 2016) La Vie Claire is not a direct competitor since their productS cant be found next to Hertas. However, indirectly it will challenge X Hertas brand and attract a part of the vegetarian and vegan consumers. The product benefits from the very good image of the brand which is seen as more trustworthy in this field, and whICH is specialized in this type of product. That is the reason why the product can be a little more expensive (2.91â‚ ¬ per 150g). Nevertheless, the visibility of the product is far smaller than Hertas and the product seems to have some nutritional issues since it cant really be a substitute for meat since there are not enough proteins in it, and that it contains also far too much fat. Grill vegetal by Cà ©rà ©al: Figure 3 Picture of Cereals product Table 3 Nutrition value of the soy and wheat steak by Grill Vegetal Characteristics Benefits Disadvantages Medium price: 3.07 â‚ ¬ for 180g Large range of product: 7 Rehydrated soy and wheat Positioning: Specialized Food A little more fat and mostly unsaturated: 8,5g against 6g in Hertas product Unknown by most consumers 6,1g of Fibers Only sold in specialized shops The product can be seen minimalistic Packaging Looks more like meat by the aspect and the packaging Made in France Specifies the absence of additives such as food colourings and preservatives. Good amount of proteins : 17g against 16g in Hertas product (Source: Grill Vegetal, 2016) Just like La Vie Claire, Grill Vegetal by Cà ©rà ©al is only sold in specialized shops. However, it is overall a good product with a lots of advantages such as its nutritional aspect, its place of production, and the price is even lower than Hertas (2,56 â‚ ¬ per 150g). The product seems to respond well to the consumers demand on all highlighted points by consumers. It also looks like meat and has a decent amount of proteins even if it is still less important than meat. Nevertheless, the rather poor visibility of the product may hold back its consumption. Sojasun: Figure 4 Picture of Sojasuns product Table 4 Nutrition value of the soy steak by Sojasun Characteristics Benefits Disadvantages Medium price: 3.50 â‚ ¬ for 200g Large range of products: 11 (7 steaks) Rehydrated soy Positioning: Supermarkets A little more fat and mostly unsaturated: 8,5g against 6g in Hertas product The real product cant be seen at all 5.0g of Fibers As many proteins as Hertas (16g) Soy cultivated in France No GMO (Source: Sojasun, 2016) Sojasuns products are more direct competitors to Herta since they are also sold in supermarkets. The nutrition value of the steak is very similar to Hertas regarding the protein, fat or fibre amount. However, they have an important range of products and even have 7 different soy steaks. The strong points of the product are the absence of GMO and the origin of the soy. The price is even less expensive than Hertas with only 2,63 â‚ ¬ per 150g. Despite all its strength, the product may suffer from its brand not being as famous as Herta. Veggie by Carrefour: Figure 5 Picture of Carrefours product Table 5 Nutrition value of the soy steak by Veggie (Carrefour): Characteristics Benefits Disadvantages Medium price: 2.20 â‚ ¬ for 200g Large range of product: 16 Rehydrated soy Positioning: Carrefour Supermarkets A little more fat and mostly unsaturated: 8,8g against 6g in Hertas product The real product cant be seen at all 6,6g of Fibers The product can only be bought at Carrefour A little less protein than Hertas (14g). Does not communicate on the origin of the raw products (Source: Veggie, 2016) Veggie was created by Carrefour in 2015 to become a competitor to Sojasun. They chose to have a very low price in comparison to other similar products. As a consequence, the quality seems to be a little lower. However, the range of products is very large and Carrefour is of great renown in THE food business and distribution. Therefore, Veggie may become an important competitor to Herta despite being only sold in Carrefours supermarkets. 2.7 Perceived quality of the product: A focus group of 6 people have been conducted on the subject of Hertas new range, and more particularly the soy and wheat steak. The participants were all between 20 and 24 years old and were postgraduate students. This panel was selected because it was composed of 3 men and 3 women, and because more educated people tend to be the major consumers of this type of product according the studies. Among the panel, only 2 people had tried vegetal meat. They are not common users but said that they rather enjoyed the product. All of them said that they would buy the Hertas product. Half of them said spontaneously that they liked the packaging. They also agreed on the fact that green was a simple but good choice of colour since it seems more natural. However, none of them knew that Herta had made a new vegetal brand, and it was a bit hard for them to associate Herta with vegetal product. Still, what concerned them the most about the product was the vegan tag. They found it very restrictive in a way that in may repel them. When the benefits of the products were asked, half of them talked about gas emission. Also, the group was very divided concerning the question of animal and vegetal proteins. Some of them fought proteins from animal were better while other said the exact opposite, and some did not intervene. Regarding the drawbacks of the product, they highlighted that the soy production was done in Brazil and that is was not as good as pretended for the environment. Moreover, they associated the soy from Brazil with GMO soy. They also argue about the transformation process and the factory work carried out to get the product and said it was not good for the environment neither, and that the people working in this factories were probably not paid enough. Before the nutrition value topic could have been addressed, they asked for the tag to get a clear idea of what was inside the product. To do a comparison, they also asked for the tag of a real steak. They concluded that there were more proteins in mea t and less fat in vegan steak. Moreover, they pointed out the higher concentration in salt and carbohydrates in the Herta product. Concerning the price, the opinions were very mixed. Some would pay between 3 and 3.5 euros while others would only pay around 2 euros. Those who were ready to invest less money told that they would start by comparing the price with other competitors. To conclude on the session, one of the major issue with the product was the vegan writing which was considered as too extreme by the panel. It seems that people may not be ready to go from meat diet to vegan diet even if this not on regular basis. The psychological impact of the word on people could repel them from the product. Also, the image of the brand is really associated with meat in the mind of the consumers, it will be something to work on for Herta. Moreover, whereas everyone knew Herta very well, none of them knew the vegetal range of product. Hence, it seems that the communication around Le bon và ©gà ©tal could be improved. Nevertheless, the product looked appealing for everyone, even if they had restraints about the conception of the product. 2.8 Conclusion of part 1: Herta is clearly trying to anticipate the future trends. The brand understood that an important part of the future of fresh deli food relies on meat substitutes, and chose to be part of this new market rather than opposing itself to the new ways of consuming. Being one on of the first on the market could also help Herta which is now an old French brand and need to show innovation to keep a dynamic image in the eye of the consumer. The major issue for them is to succeed to support the maximum of consumers to this changing without losing them on the path. However, other brands such as Veggie may be fierce competitors for the future, not to mention the other brands already positioned in the market. 3.1 A lack in terms of nutrition value The first thing that could be a problem for the future of the product is the quantity. indeed, the pack contains 2 steaks weighing only 75g each which means a total amount of soy and wheat of 150g. for hertas product, for 100g, there are exactly 150 kcal, corresponding to only 112,5 kcal for 75g. a beef steak in france has an average of 20g of proteins and between 5 to 15g of fat according to the steak (per 100g). often a steak weighs 125g meaning that is has even more proteins and fat in it. for a steak of only 100g and 10g of fat, there are 170 kcal. The difference in calories is very important and could cause a difference in the perception of satiety especially given that animal proteins give a more important feeling of satiety (Douglas Paddon-Jones., 2008). If the consumer after consuming the product is still hungry, it will affect its experience and he will be less likely to buy it again. moreover, all competitors use a quantity which varies between 180 and 200g while some of them focus more on the product of high quality aspect (grill vegetal, la vie claire) and are seen as less accessible products. If a comparison was to be made, it would probably weaken the position of herta who wants to be closer to the average person. The price is indeed higher than other competitors price if the calculation is proportional to the quantity. the results are even more disconcerting when comparing carrefour (1.10 â‚ ¬ per 100g) and herta (1.83 â‚ ¬ per 100g). keeping the price in the average of the competitors is very important for the brand. if people have the choice between sojasuns product and hertas product and consider them to be at the same price if considering the quantity, in would surely harm herta. the significant price difference of veggie by carrefour and herta is too important. the product from le bon và ©gà ©tal could be negatively affected by this competition. indeed, the main reason why people tend to consume less meat is the cost. 46% percent of the people who eat less meat are motivated by the price (according to a study lead by Mediaprism). 3.2 Consider adding information to the packaging Concerning GMO, if the brand actually uses non GMO soy, it will probably be better to write it on the packaging, even if it is not highlighted. Indeed, as the focus group showed, people are concerned about the origin of the product and particularly soy. This is an important question considering there are not much French soy production. Moreover, the product has a rather high proportion of proteins compared to competitors and also a low level of fat. The brand should therefore consider writing a slogan such as the benefits of meat without its disadvantages. Then, on the other side of the packaging, the brand should explain how the product is better for health thanks to its nutritional value, but also how it is good for the environment. However, while doing that, the brand should always consider its positioning and should not be too harsh with the meat industry since it is Hertas main revenue sources. However, if the brand judges it too dangerous, another possibility would be to just compare the nutritional value to the products of the competitors and praise Hertas product. 3.3 A survey for more accuracy To get a more accurate idea, a survey was made. This survey was addressed to people who are living in France. These people are mostly between 18-25 years old and are of a rather high education level. The first part of the survey is about questioning the connotation of the terms Vegetarian and Vegan to understand what people associate with these words and if they sound rather positive or negative. Hence, to the question What does the word vegetarian actually bespeak?, people tend to give a definition of the word for the vast majority of them. To the question What is the connotation associated to the word vegetarian for you?, more than 55% have a rather good to good opinion of the idea. Half of the rest is neutral while the other half has a negative idea of the word. However, to the question What does the word vegan actually bespeak? the majority tends to give a definition, while a significant number of people (around 25%) associate it with the notion of extremism, and that by themselves, only responding to an open question. What is even more astonishing, is the connotation of the term vegan, especially in comparison of the results of the same question with Vegetarianism. Therefore, around 65% of people have a rather negative to negative opinion of the word, while almost all the others have a neutral opinion of it. The significant difference between the two terms in peoples min d is confirmed by the question would you buy vegetarian/vegan products?. 65% of people would buy vegetarian product while only 50% would buy a vegan product. The second part of the survey focused on the product and the perception people have of it. To the question, would you buy this product?, showing only the picture of Hertas product, only 28% of people would buy it. This percentage is very weak and lower than what could have been expected. The following question asked to justify the choice helps to get a better idea of what people really think. The people who would not consume the product justify their choice with multiple reasons. One of them is the brand itself. Surprisingly, while it has a very good image among French people, some of the people interrogated said that they dont trust Herta to make a Vegetal product. Moreover, several people are reluctant to consuming soy. Other people dont have any interest for the product and a significant number actually doesnt like the shape of the product. They say that if they want a steak, they would buy a steak with meat, and not a substitute. Finally, this part deals with the price people would be ready to pay for the product. The results are rather homogeneous since every person who responded to this question would invest between 2 to 3 euros for the product. This result is very close to the actual price of the product. To get more precision, the last question was exactly the same but showing two other products from direct competitors: SojaSun and Veggie by Carrefour while also communicating their prices (respectively 3.50 euros and 2.20 euros). This question was askeed to put the people in a more real context where they can have access to other products. Hence when considering only people who would be ready to buy the product, the large majority of them would pay 2.50 euros for it while very few of them would be ready to invest more or invest less money in the product. 3.4 Analysis of the results The results that emerge from this survey confirm that the actual price is close to what people would be ready to pay for and that maybe the product could benefit from a slight decrease of its price. Indeed, Herta is a brand for everyone, it cannot be as expensive as another brand of higher range products such as SojaSun or some other specialized competitors. Nevertheless, the price of Carrefour Veggie seems very low and most of the people were ready to invest a little more money in Hertas product than in Veggie after having seen the price of the product by Carrefour. Also, the Vegan tag question raised after the analysis of focus group was more thorough explored with the survey. It is clear that the concerns shared by the focus group were also shared by the surveyed people. The connotation of the term vegan and the associations made around it give it a less appealing look than vegetarian. I would therefore advise to change vegan for vegetarian. In addition, some people seem a bit reluctant when it comes to soy. Keeping a good range of products where not all vegetal products come from soy seems a good idea. Despite the consistency of the results, the panel was only of 20 people. This means that the results are not completely reliable and should be treated with the utmost care. Carrying out another study by the group Herta on a more important population should en

Varying Attitudes Toward Death in the Masque of the Red Death Essay

Varying Attitudes Toward Death in the Masque of the Red Death      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Since the day of my birth, my death began its walk. It is walking toward me, without hurrying." Edgar Allen Poe provides us symbolically with the reaction of man to the pursuance of death that Jean Cocteau described before, in his gothic short story, "The Masque of the Red Death." Prince Prospero symbolizes the optimist who seeks to avoid death. The Masqueraders represent the pessimist-the carefree who seek to forget about death. The Masked Red Death is the ultimate realization and enlightenment of death's power over all-the realist view. Poe's work symbolically demonstrates the attitudes of man through Prince Prospero, the Masqueraders, and the Masked Red Death.    Prince Prospero symbolizes the optimist who is defiant and furious. Prospero believes that death can be evaded if not escaped entirely. Prospero seeks to protect himself from the red death, a disease that has ravaged his kingdom. He does this by taking a thousand of his friends, with whom he "retires to the deep seclusion of one of his castellated abbeys" (Poe 176). However he does more than try to dodge or hide from death's powers. Prospero has his courtiers take hammers and furnaces to weld the bolts shut so to leave no "ingress or egress," effectively he barricades himself taking faith the physical barriers of man can somehow defeat the non-corporeal entity. While the pestilence rages outside the prince's secure shelter, Prospero arranges that a masquerade or ball take place. He and his revelers take part in jovial and pleasant activities during a time when hundreds are suffering. What's more is that he has his party be "waltzers" (Poe 177). Such a dance involves t... ...to death in the masqueraders one can see the third attitude toward death, one of understanding and acceptance because the ignorance that shrouded their eyes has been removed. With understanding which comes when one becomes closer to death one may adopt the third attitude which Bhagavad Gita has, "Death is as sure for that which is born, as birth is for that which is dead. Therefore grieve not for what is inevitable."       Sources Consulted: Cassuto, Leonard. " The Coy Reaper: Unmasque-ing the Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 25(1988) 317-320. Poe, Edgar Allan. Tales of Mystery and Imagination Norwalk: Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. "Tales of Mystery and Imagination." Norwalk: Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. " The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death". Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.   

Essay example --

Gender: Women and Men in Society between Hinduism and Islam A gender role can be defined as a set of social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship. There are differences of opinion as to which observed differences in behavior and personality between genders are entirely due to innate personality of the person and which are due to cultural or maybe even social factors, and the product of socialization, or to what extent gender differences are due to biological and physiological differences. I believe there are more differences between gender women and men in society between Hinduism and Islam. The reason I believe there are more differences it going into more concrete details for Hinduism roles than the Islamic roles for men and women in society. Society in Hinduism follow the law of Karma. I believe in karma and that if you do something wrong it’s going to come back and you will have something worse happen to you. Muhammad described the high status of mothers in both of the major hadith Collections (Bukhari and Muslim). One account is: "A man asked the Prophet: 'Whom should I honor most?' The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother!’ 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your father.' In the Islam religion, their primary role played by women are to be mothers, and mothers are considered the most important part of the family. A well- known hadith of the prophet says: "I asked the Prophet who has the greatest right over a man, and he said, 'His mother'". While a woman is consider... ...in the public sphere. Women must primarily fulfill marital and maternal responsibilities, whereas men are financial and administrative stewards of their families. Although the Qur'an views women and men to be equal in human dignity, this spiritual or ethical equality has not been reflected in most Muslim laws. For example, women do not have equal rights to make independent decisions about choice of (marriage) partner, getting a divorce and custody of their children In conclusion, I think the Hinduism let’s their women be more open to the culture. The Law of Manu made these Laws to keep social order in the society. People were divided in four casts based on the work they do. However everyone had a choice to choose his career (work). Hinduism follow the law of Karma because they also believe something bad could happen to them if they don’t follow of the law of Karma.

Accounting Standard in Bangladesh

A REPORT ON APPLICATION OF BANGLADESH ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN BUSINESS [pic] DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA REPORT ON APPLICATION OF BANGLADESH ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN BUSINESS FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING –I F-103 Submitted To Dr. H. M. Mosarof Hossain Associate Professor Department of Finance Faculty of Business Administration University of Dhaka Submitted By Members of Group-3 Section-B 14th Batch Department of Finance Names |Roll No | |Upoma Antara Husain |14-052 | |Zubairia Khan |14-050 | |Nazmul Ehsan Omiya |14-054 | |Monowar Hossain |14-008 | |Md. Rubel Ahmed |14-030 | DATE OF SUBMISSION 1 May 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: ? INTRODUCTION ? OBJECTIVES OF APPLYING BAS IN BUSINESS ? IAS ADDOPTED AS BAS ? SHORT DESCRIPTION OF BASs CHAPTER II: ? ABOUT PRIME BANK LIMITED ? BAS USED IN PBL ? APPLICATION OF BASs IN PBL ? IMPORTANCE OF APPLYING BAS IN PBL ? CONCLUSION CHAPTER III: ? ANNEXURE ? BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The rules and guidelines adopted and im plimented worldwide in accounting record keeping and statement preparation ror maintaining uniformity are known as International Accounting Standared (IAS). IAS were issued between 1973 and 2001 by the board of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). Bangladesh Accounting Standards (BAS) are adopted From IAS by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) for preferred accounting practices in all kinds of business in bangladesh. To standardize the accounting system with the level of IAS, the ICAB (Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh) has been adopting BAS since 1984. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh is a professional accountancy body in the Bangladesh. It is the sole organisation in the Bangladesh with the right to award the Chartered Accountant designation. The ICAB updated and adapted many important and the time demanding standards in several time BAS is a set of standards which controls the system of accounting in Bangladesh. In our country Companies listed with Dhaka & Chittagong Stock exchange are to prepare their accounts according to the Securities and Exchange Rules 1987 and the International Accounting Standards (IAS) as adopted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh known as Bangladesh Accounting Standards (BAS). At present the (TRC) Technical research Committee of ICAB screens and evaluates IFRSs and recommends particular IFRS to the council of the ICAB for adoption. Prime Bank Limited is one of the promising banks in our banking sector. It is listed with Dhaka and Chittagong Stock Exchange. The financial statements of the Bank are prepared under the historical cost convention except investments and in accordance with the Bank Companies Act, 1991, Bangladesh Bank Circulars, International Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards adopted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh as BAS, Companies act 1994, SEC Rules 1987 and other laws and rules applicable in Bangladesh. IAS ADOPTED AS BAS BAS are developed by the ICAB and are based on older IASs – generally those developed by the IASC rather than the improved IASs and new IFRSs developed by the IASB. The Technical and Research Committee of the ICAB develops the standards. Adoption requires approval of the ICAB Council. A list of IASs Adopted as BASs is shown below. IAS |Version of IAS |BAS Number |Remarks | | |Adopted in Bangladesh| | | |IAS 1: Presentation of Financial |1987 |BAS 1 |2003 revisions not yet considered | |Statements | | |by ICAB | |IAS 2 : Inventories |1992 |BAS 2 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 7 : Cash Flow Statements |1992 |BAS 7 |— | |IAS 8 :Accounting Policies, Changes in |1993 |BAS 8 |2003 revisions not yet considered | |Accounting Estimates, and Errors | | |by ICAB | |IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet |1999 |BAS 10 |— | |Date | | | | |IAS 11: Construction Contracts |1993 |BAS 11 |— | |IAS 12: Income Taxes |2000 |BAS 12 |— | |IAS 14: Segment Reporting |1997 |BAS 14 |— | |IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment |1997 |BAS 16 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB |IAS 17: Leases |1998 |BAS 17 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 18: Revenue |1993 |BAS 18 |— | |IAS 19; Employee Benefits |2002 |BAS 19 |2003 and later revisions not yet | | | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 20; Accounting for Government Grants |1983 |BAS 20 |— | |and Disclosure of Government Assistance | | | | |IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign |1993 |BAS 21 |2003 and later revisions not yet | |Exchange Rates | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 22: Business Combinations |1998 |BAS 22 |IAS 22 has been superseded by IFRS | | | | |3, which has not yet been | | | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 23: Borrowing Costs |1993 |BAS 23 |— | |IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures |1994 |BAS 24 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 25: Accounting for Investments |1987 |BAS 25 |IAS 25 has been superseded by IAS | | | | |39, which has not yet been | | | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by |1987 |BAS 26 |— | |Retirement Benefit Plans | | | | |IAS 27: Consolidated and Separate |1998 |BAS 27 |2003 revisions not yet considered | |Financial Statements | | |by ICAB | |IAS 28: Investments in Associates |1998 |BAS 28 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 29:Financial Reporting in |Not yet Adopted |— |— | |Hyperinflationary Economies | | | | |IAS 30 :Disclosures in the Financial |1990 |BAS 30 |IAS 30 has been superseded by IFRS | |Statements of Banks and Similar Financial | | |7 (effective 2007), which has not | |Institutions | | |yet been considered by ICAB | |IAS 31: Interests In Joint Ventures |1999 |BAS 31 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 32 :Financial Instruments: Disclosure |Not yet adopted |— |— | |and Presentation | | | | |IAS 33: Earnings Per Share |1999; |BAS 33 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting |1998 |BAS 34 |— | |IAS 35: Discontinuing Operations |1998 |BAS 35 |IAS 35 has been superseded by IFRS | | | | |5, which has not yet been | | | | |considered by ICAB | |IAS 36: Impairment of Assets |1998 |BAS 36 |2004 re visions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities|1998 |BAS 37 |1998 | |and Contingent Assets | | | | |IAS 38: Intangible Assets |1998 |BAS 38 |2004 revisions not yet considered | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition|Not yet adopted |— |— | |and Measurement | | | | |IAS 40: Investment Property |2000 |BAS 40 |2003 revisions not yet considered | | | | |by ICAB | |IAS 41: Agriculture |Not yet adopted |— |— | SHORT DESCRIPTION ON BAS †¢ BAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements This Standard prescribes the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements to ensure comparability both with the entity’s financial statements of previous periods and with the financial statements of other entities. It sets out overall requirements for the presentation of financial statements, guidelines for their structure and minimum requirements for their content. A complete set of financial statements comprises: (a) a statement of financial position as at the end of the period; (b) a statement of comprehensive income for the period; (c) a statement of changes in equity for the period; (d) a statement of cash flows for the period; e) notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information; and (f) a statement of financial position as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements, or when it reclassifies items in its financial statements. †¢ BAS 2: Inventories The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. A primary issue in accounting for inventories is the amount of cost to be recognized as an asset and carried forward until the related revenues are recognized. This Standard provides guidance on the determination of cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense, including any write-down to net realisable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories. Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. †¢ BAS 7: Cash Flow Statements The objective of this Standard is to require the provision of information about the historical changes in cash and cash equivalents of an entity by means of a statement of cash flows which classifies cash flows during the period from operating, investing and financing activities. †¢ BAS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, together with the accounting treatment and disclosure of changes in accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and corrections of errors. The Standard is intended to enhance the relevance and reliability of an entity’s financial statements and the comparability of those financial statements over time and with the financial statements of other entities. †¢ BAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date The objective of this Standard is to prescribe: a) When an entity should adjust its financial statements for events after the reporting period; and (b) The disclosures that an entity should give about the date when the financial statements were authorized for issue and about events after the reporting period. The Standard also requires that an entity should not prepare its financial statements on a going concern basis if events after the reporting period indicate that the going concern assumption is not appropriate. †¢ BAS 11: Construction Contracts The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment of revenue and costs associated with construction contracts. Because of the nature of the activity undertaken in construction contracts, the date at which the contract activity is entered into and the date when the activity is completed usually fall into different accounting periods. Therefore, the primary issue in accounting for construction contracts is the allocation of contract revenue and contract costs to the accounting periods in which construction work is performed. This Standard shall be applied in accounting for construction contracts in the financial statements of contractors. †¢ BAS 12: Income Taxes The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for income taxes. For the purposes of this Standard, income taxes include all domestic and foreign taxes which are based on taxable profits. Income taxes also include taxes, such as withholding taxes, which are payable by a subsidiary, associate or joint venture on distributions to the reporting entity. The principal issue in accounting for income taxes is how to account for the current and future tax consequences of: (a) the future recovery (settlement) of the carrying amount of assets (liabilities) that are recognized in an entity’s balance sheet; and (b) Transactions and other events of the current period that are recognized in an entity’s financial statements. †¢ BAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment so that users of the financial statements can discern information about an entity’s investment in its property, plant and equipment and the changes in such investment. The principal issues in accounting for property, plant and equipment are the recognition of the assets, the determination of their carrying amounts and the depreciation charges and impairment losses to be recognized in relation to them. †¢ BAS 17: Leases The objective of this Standard is to prescribe, for lessees and lessors, the appropriate accounting policies and disclosure to apply in relation to leases. The classification of leases adopted in this Standard is based on the extent to which risks and rewards incidental to ownership of a leased asset lie with the lessor or the lessee. A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership. †¢ BAS 18: Revenue The primary issue in accounting for revenue is determining when to recognize revenue. Revenue is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and these benefits can be measured reliably. This Standard identifies the circumstances in which these criteria will be met and, therefore, revenue will be recognized. It also provides practical guidance on the application of these criteria. Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants. This Standard shall be applied in accounting for revenue arising from the following transactions and events: (a) the sale of goods; (b) the rendering of services; and c) the use by others of entity assets yielding interest, royalties and dividends. †¢ BAS 19: Employee Benefits Employee benefits are all forms of consideration given by an entity in exchange for service rendered by employees. The object ive of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting and disclosure for employee benefits. The Standard requires an entity to recognize: (a) a liability when an employee has provided service in exchange for employee benefits to be paid in the future; and (b) An expense when the entity consumes the economic benefit arising from service provided by an employee in exchange for employee benefits. †¢ BAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance This Standard shall be applied in accounting for, and in the disclosure of, government grants and in the disclosure of other forms of government assistance. Government grants are assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to an entity in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the entity. They exclude those forms of government assistance which cannot reasonably have a value placed upon them and transactions with government which cannot be distinguished from the normal trading transactions of the entity. Government assistance is action by government designed to provide an economic benefit specific to an entity or range of entities qualifying under certain criteria. Government assistance for the purpose of this Standard does not include benefits provided only indirectly through action affecting general trading conditions, such as the provision of infrastructure in development areas or the imposition of trading constraints on competitors. †¢ BAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates An entity may carry on foreign activities in two ways. It may have transactions in foreign currencies or it may have foreign operations. In addition, an entity may present its financial statements in a foreign currency. The objective of this Standard is to prescribe how to include foreign currency transactions and foreign operations in the financial tatements of an entity and how to translate financial statements into a presentation currency. The principal issues are which exchange rate(s) to use and how to report the effects of changes in exchange rates in the financial statements. †¢ BAS 22: Business Combinations The objective of this standa rd is to prescribe the accounting treatment for business combinations (both acquisitions and, in exceptional instances in which the acquirer cannot be identified uniting of interests). It provides guidance on the classification of a business combination, which includes whether an acquirer can be identified, and whether shareholders of the combining entities share mutually in the risks and benefits of the combined entity. BAS 23: Borrowing Costs Borrowing Costs Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset form part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense †¢ BAS 24: Related Party Disclosures The objective of this Standard is to ensure that an entity’s financial statements contain the disclosures necessary to draw attention to the possibility that its financial position and profit or loss may have been affected by the existence of related parties and by transactions and outstanding balances with such parties. †¢ BAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans This Standard shall be applied in the financial statements of retirement benefit plans where such financial statements are prepared. Retirement benefit plans are arrangements whereby an entity provides benefits for employees on or after termination of service (either in the form of an annual income or as a lump sum) when such benefits, or the contributions towards them, can be determined or estimated in advance of retirement from the provisions of a document or from the entity's practices. The financial statements of a defined contribution plan shall contain a statement of net assets available for benefits and a description of the funding policy. †¢ BAS 27: Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements The objective of BAS 27 is to enhance the relevance, reliability and comparability of the information that a parent entity provides in its separate financial statements and in its consolidated financial statements for a group of entities under its control. The Standard specifies: (a) the circumstances in which an entity must consolidate the financial statements of another entity (being a subsidiary); (b) the accounting for changes in the level of ownership interest in a subsidiary; (c) the accounting for the loss of control of a subsidiary; and (d) the information that an entity must disclose to enable users of the financial statements to evaluate the nature of the relationship between the entity and its subsidiaries. †¢ BAS 28: Investments in Associates This Standard shall be applied in accounting for investments in associates. However, it does not apply to investments in associates held by: (a) venture capital organizations, or (b) Mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities including investment-linked insurance funds. †¢ BAS 30: Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions The objective of BAS30 is to prescribe appropriate presentation and disclosure standards for banks and similar financial institutions as a supplement of the requirements of other standards. It provides the Requirement for classification of items in the income statement and balance sheet by their nature, and for the balance sheet in order of relative liquidity. Identifies the income statement and balance sheet line items requiring disclosure. ? Additional disclosure requirements, including concentration of assets, liabilities and off-balance items, losses on loans and advances, and general banking risks. †¢ BAS 31: Interests in Joint Venture: This Standard shall be applied in accounting for interests in joint ventures and the reporting of joint venture assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the financial statements of ventures and investors, regardless of the structures or forms under which the joint venture activities take place. However, it does not apply to ventures’ interests in jointly controlled entities held by: 1. (a) venture capital organizations, or 2. b) Mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities including investment-linked insurance funds. †¢ BAS 33: Earnings Per Share The objective of this Standard is to prescribe principles for the determination and presentation of earnings per share, so as to improve performance comparisons between different entities in the same reporting period and between different reporting periods for the same entity. The focus of this Standard is on the denominator of the earnings per share calculation. This Standard shall be applied by entities whose ordinary shares or potential ordinary shares are publicl y traded and by entities that are in the process of issuing ordinary shares or potential ordinary shares in public markets. An entity that discloses earnings per share shall calculate and disclose earnings per share in accordance with this Standard. †¢ Bas 34: Interim Financial Reporting The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the minimum content of an interim financial report and to prescribe the principles for recognition and measurement in complete or condensed financial statements for an interim period. Timely and reliable interim financial reporting improves the ability of investors, creditors, and others to understand an entity’s capacity to generate earnings and cash flows and its financial condition and liquidity. This Standard applies if an entity is required or elects to publish an interim financial report in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Interim financial report means a financial report containing either a complete set of financial statements (as described in IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007)) or a set of condensed financial statements (as described in this Standard) for an interim period. Interim period is a financial reporting period shorter than a full financial year. †¢ BAS 35: Discontinuing Operations The objective of this standard is to enhance the ability to make financial projections by segregating information about discontinuing operations from information about continuing operations. BAS 35 does not establish any recognition or measurement principles in relation to discontinuing operations-these are dealt with under other BAS. In particular, BAS 35 provides guidance on how to apply BAS 36, Impairment of Assets, and BAS 37, Provisions Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, to discontinuing operations. †¢ BAS 36: Impairment of Assets The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the procedures that an entity applies to ensure that its assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount. An asset is carried at more than its recoverable amount if its carrying amount exceeds the amount to be recovered through use or sale of the asset. If this is the case, the asset is described as impaired and the Standard requires the entity to recognize an impairment loss. The Standard also specifies when an entity should reverse an impairment loss and prescribes disclosures. †¢ BAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets The objective of this Standard is to ensure that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement bases are applied to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and that sufficient information is disclosed in the notes to enable users to understand their nature, timing and amount. IAS 37 prescribes the accounting and disclosure for all provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets, except: (a) Those resulting from executory contracts, except where the contract is onerous. Executory contracts are contracts under which neither party has performed any of its obligations or both parties have partially performed their obligations to an equal extent; (b) Those covered by another Standard. †¢ BAS 38: Intangible Assets The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for intangible assets that are not dealt with specifically in another Standard. This Standard requires an entity to recognize an intangible asset if, and only if, specified criteria are met. The Standard also specifies how to measure the carrying amount of intangible assets and requires specified disclosures about intangible assets. An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. †¢ BAS 40: Investment Property The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for investment property and related disclosure requirements. Investment property is property (land or a building—or part of a building—or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for: (a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or (b) Sale in the ordinary course of business. OBECTIVES OF USING BAS IN BUSINESS †¢ Standardized Accountings : The objective of applying BAS in business is to standardize the accounting issues and preparation of financial statements. †¢ International Recognition: To keep consistency with International Business the use of International Accounting Standards adopted as BAS is important. It helps the businesses to gain international recognition. †¢ Maintaining Uniformity: Accounting standards are maintained in order to ensure uniformity in recording accounts and preparing financial statements within the businesses both in country and abroad. †¢ Ensuring Transparency: An important objective of applying BAS is to ensure proper disclosure of necessary information in the financial statements. It provides transparency in the statements. †¢ Providing Reliability: The application of BAS provides reliability and consistency in the accounting record keeping and financial statements to the outside parties. CHAPTER II [pic] ABOUT PRIME BANK LIMITED The Prime Bank Limited (â€Å"the Bank†) was incorporated as the public limited company in Bangladesh under companies Act, 1994. It commenced its banking business with one branch from April17, 1995 under the license issued bi Bangladesh Bank. Presently the Bank has 61 branches all over Bangladesh and a booth located at Dhaka Club, Dhaka. The Bank had no overseas branches as at 31 December 2007. The Bank went for Initial Public Offerings in 1999 and its share is listed with Dhaka Stock Exchange Limited and Chittagong Stock Exchange Limited as a publicly traded company for its general class of shares. VISION The vision of the Bank is to be the best Private Commercial Bank in Bangladesh in terms of efficiency, capital adequacy, asset quality, sound management and profitability having strong liquidity. MISSION The mission of the Bank is to build Prime Bank Limited into an efficient, market driven, customer focused institution with good corporate governance structure. Continuous improvement in the business policies, procedure and efficiency through integration of technology at all levels. STRATEGIC PRIORITY The strategic priority of the Bank is to have sustained growth, broaden and improved range of products and services in all areas of banking activities with the aim to add increased value to share holders’ investments and offer highest possible benefits to the customers. CORE VALUE †¢ For customers It refers to become most caring Bank by providing the most courteous and efficient services in every area of our business. For employees It promotes well-being of the employees. †¢ For shareholders It ensures fare return on the investments of the shareholders through generating stable profit. †¢ For the community As a socially responsible corporate entity the Bank maintain s close adherence to national policies and objectives. [pic]BAS FOLLOWED IN PRIME BANK The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) is the sole authority for adoption of International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). While preparing the financial statements, Prime Bank allied most of IAS and IFRS as adopted by ICAB. Details are given below: Name of the BAS | BAS no | Status | |Presentation of Financial Statements | 1 | Applied | |Stationeries | 2 | Applied | |Cash Flow Statements | 7 | Applied | |Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors | 8 | Applied | |Events after the Balance Sheet Date | 10 | Applied | |Construction Contracts | 11 | N/A | |Income Taxes | 12 | Applied | |Segment Reporting | 14 | Applied | |Property, Plant and Equipment | 16 | Applied | |Leases | 17 | Applied | |Revenue | 18 | Applied | |Employee Benefits | 19 | Applied | |Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance | 20 | N/A | |The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates | 21 | Applied | |Borrowing Costs | 23 | Applied | |Related Party Disclosures | 24 | Applied | |Accounting for Investments | 25 | Applied | |Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans | 26 | Applied | |Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements | 27 | Applied | |Investments in Associates | 28 | N/A | |Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and similar Financial Institutions | 30 | Applied | |Interests in Joint Ventures | 31 | N/A | |Earnings per share | 33 | Applied | |Interim Financial Reporting | 34 | Applied | |Impairment of Assets | 36 | Applied | |Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets | 7 | Ap plied | |Intangible Assets | 38 | N/A | |Investment Property | 40 | Applied | |Agriculture | 41 | N/A | | Name of the BFRS | BAS no | Status | |Share Based Payment | 2 | N/A | |Business Combinations | 3 | N/A | |Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations | 5 | N/A | |Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources | 6 | N/A | *N/A=not applicable [pic] APPLICATION OF BAS IN PRIME BANK LIMITED For the convenience of discussion we are showing the effect of some important BASs in record keeping and accounting of Prime Bank Limited. †¢ BAS No. 1: Preparation of Financial Statements: The financial statements of the bank are prepared in accordance with BAS-1 to give a fair view of the state of the Bank’s affairs and of the results of the operations and cash flows. The financial reports for the year ended in 31 December 2007 are given as annexure for viewing. †¢ BAS No. 7: Cash Flow Statement Cash flow statement has been prepared in accordance with the BAS-7 â€Å"Cash Flow Statement† under direct method as recommended in BRPD Circular No. 14, dated June 25 2003 issued by the Banking Regulation and Policy Department of Bangladesh Bank. †¢ BAS No. 12: Income Taxes Provision for current income tax has been made @ 45% as prescribed in the Finance Act, 2007 on the accounting profit made by the Bank after considering some of the add backs to the income and disallowances as expenditure as per income tax laws in compliance with BAS-12 â€Å"Income Taxes†. †¢ BAS No. 16: Property, Plant and Equipment All fixed assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation as per BAS-16 â€Å"Property, Plant and Equipment†. The cost of acquisition of an asset comprises its purchase price and any directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use inclusive of inward freight, duties and non-refundable taxes. †¢ BAS No. 17: Leases Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the ‘terms of the lease’ transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee as per BAS-17 â€Å"Leases†. ? The Bank as lessor Amount due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables at the amount of the Bank’s net investment in the leases. The Bank as lessee Assets held under finance lease s are recognized as assets of the Bank at the date of acquisition or if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. †¢ BAS No. 18: Revenue ? Interest income In terms of the provisions of the BAS-18 â€Å"Revenue†, the interest income is recognized on accrual basis. ? Investment income Interest income on investments is recognized on accrual basis. ? Fees and commission income Fees and commission income arises on services provided by the Bank are recognized on a cash receipt basis. ? Dividend income on share Dividend income on share is recognized during the period in which declared and ascertained. Interest paid and other expenses in Conventional Banking In terms of the provision of the BAS-1 â€Å"Presentation of Financial Statements† interest and other expenses are recognized on accrual basis. ? Profit paid on deposits in Islamic Banking Profit paid to mudaraba depositors is recognized on accrual basis as per provisional rate. †¢ BAS No. 19: Employee benefits The retirement benefits accrued for the employees of the Bank as on reporting date have been accounted for in accordance with the provisions of BAS-19, â€Å"Employee Benefit†. Bases of enumerating the retirement benefit schemes operated by the Bank are outlined below: ? Provident fund Provident fund benefits are given to the permanent employees f the Bank in accordance with Bank’s service rules. All confirmed employees of the Bank are contributing 10% of their basic salary as subscription to the fund. The Bank also contributes equal amount of the employees’ contribution. ? Gratuity fund Actuarial valuation of gratuity scheme had been made to assess the adequacy of the liabilities provide for the scheme as per BAS-19, â€Å"Employee Benefits†. ? Welfare fund Prime Bank’s employees’ welfare fund is subscribed by monthly contribution of the employees. The Bank also contributes to the Fund from time to time. Disbursement from the fund is done as per rules for employees’ welfare fund. ? Incentive bonus Prime Bank started an incentive bonus scheme for its employees. 10% of net profit after tax is given to the employees in every year as incentive bonus. This bonus amount is being distributed among the employees based on their performance. †¢ BAS No. 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Foreign currency transactions are converted into equivalent Taka using the ruling exchange rates on the dates of respective transactions as per BAS-21, â€Å"The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates†. Foreign currency balances held in US Dollar are converted into Taka at weighted average rate of inter-bank market as determined by Bangladesh Bank on the closing date of every month. Balances held in foreign currencies other than US Dollar are converted into equivalent US Dollar at buying rates of New York closing of the priviou7s day and converted into Taka equivalent. †¢ BAS No. 33: Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share have been calculated in accordance with BAS-33, â€Å"Earnings per Share† which has been shown on the face of the profit and loss account. This has been calculated by dividing the basic earnings by the weighted average number of ordinary shares are standing during the year. The bonus shares issued during the year 2007 were treated as if they had been in issue in previous year also (declared for 2006 result). Hence, in computing the basic earning per share of 2006, the total number of shares including the said bonus shares has been considered as weighted average no. f shares outstanding during the year 2006 as per BAS-33, â€Å"Earning per Share†. †¢ BAS No. 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Asset s A provision is recognized in the balance sheet when the Bank has a legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefit will be required to settle the obligations, in accordance with the BAS 37, â€Å"Provisions contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets†. [pic] IMPORTANCE OF APPLYING BAS IN PBL †¢ Abiding By The Rules: Adopted BASs are enforceable for listed companies by SEC rules. So proper application of BAS in PBL is maintained to abide by the regulations of the nation. Guideline For Accounting Issues: BAS provides guidelines on different accounting issues to contribute to a common strategy and framework of reference for accountancy development and ensures transparent financial reporting, in accordance with sound corporate governance. †¢ Presenting Relevant & Reliable Information: Applying BAS in the record keepings and preparation of financial statements makes the accounting information relevant and reliable to all involved parties. †¢ Assistance in International Business: Application of BAS is important for keeping up to the International Standards which is important for International business. †¢ Co-operation Between Different Parties: The use of BAS helps promote co-operation between governments, the accountancy and other professions, the international financial institutions, regulators, standard setters, capital providers and issuers. CONCLUSION In the world of globalization it is essential for businesses around the world to standardize the accounting record keepings and preparation of financial statements. The government of Bangladesh has made the International Accounting Standards adopted by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh as Bangladesh Accounting Standards enforceable for all listed companies in order to ensure transparency and standard in accounting issues. Like other listed companies of our country Prime Bank Limited record their accounts and prepare their financial statements in compliance with these standards. The effects of these standards provide guidance and reliability in the accounting information. CHAPTER III ANNEXURE [pic] Balance Sheet As at 31 December 2007 2007 2006 PROPERTY AND ASSETS Taka Taka Cash In hand (including foreign currencies) 663,028,189 452,560,474 Balance with Bangladesh Bank and its agent bank(s) (including foreign currencies) 4,755,788,872 3,662,426,602 5,418,817,061 4,114,987,076 Balance with other banks and financial institutions In Bangladesh 1,625,581,391 627,964,960 Outside Bangladesh 791,887,088 485,749,435 2,417,468,479 1,113,714,395 Money at call and short notice – 1,490,000,000 Investments Government 12,090,285,095 7,673,700,299 Others 607,735,533 170,682,648 12,698,020,628 7,844,382,947 Loans and advances/investments Loans, cash credits, overdrafts, etc 53,814,967,656 41,307,504,065 Bills purchased and discounted ,868,053,856 3,702,713,983 57,683,021,512 45,010,218,048 Fixed assets including premises, furniture 660,490,066 412,107,309 Other assets 710,613,052 914,107,309 Non-banking assets – – Total assets 79,588,430,798 60,899,475,793 2007 2006 LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL Taka Taka Liabilities Borrowing from other banks, financial institutions 390,869,490 345,944,757 Deposits and other accounts Current/ al-wadeeah current deposits 10,590,463,357 8,261,264,165 Bills payable 1,144,540,968 528,231,748 Savings bank 6,027,260,878 4,125,622,204 Term deposits 52,750,109,722 41,808,962,467 Bearer certificate of deposit – – Other deposits – – 70,512,374,925 54,724,080,584 Other liabilities 3,411,909,021 1,969,561,728 Total liabilities 74,315,153,436 57,039,587,069 Capital/ Shareholders’ equity Paid-up capital 2,275,000,000 1,750,000,000 Statutory reserve 1,873,543,597 1,404,170,652 Revaluation gain 2,723,913 – Other reserve – – Retained earnings 1,112,009,852 705,718,072 Total Shareholders’ equity 5,273,277,362 3,859,888,724 Total liabilities and Shareholders’ equity 79,588,430,798 60,899,475,793 Balance Sheet as at 31 December 2007 [pic] 2007 2006 Taka Taka OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS Contingent liabilities Acceptances and endorsements – – Letters of guarantee 10,480,381,241 9,476,314,713 Irrevocable letters of credit 21,193,628,862 17,392,748,116 Bills for collection 1,414,716,406 1,060,486,687 Other contingent liabilities – – 33,088,726,509 27,929,549,516 Other commitments Documentary credits – – Forward assets purchased – – Undrawn ote issuance – – Undrawn formal standby facilities – – Liabilities against forward purchase and sale – – Others – – 33,088,726,509 27,929,549,516 Other memorandum items Value of travellers’cheques in hand 141,383,952 14,284,764 Value of Bangladesh Patras in hand 1,348,897,500 346,193,975 1,490,281,452 360,478,739 Total 34,579,007,961 28,290,028,255 Profit and Loss Account For the year ended 31 December 2007 [pic] 2007 2006 Taka Taka Interest income 7,170,099,616 5,198,790,368 Interest paid on deposits (5,226,592,564) (3,698,441,036) Net interest 1,903,507,052 1,500,349,332 Investment income 1,294,205,056 419,496,059 Commission, exchange 1,198,942,404 998,117,247 Other operating income 419,555,862 314,073,525 Total operating income (A) 4,816,210,375 3,232,036,163 Salaries and allowances 725,285,435 561,930,122 Rent, taxes and insurances 159,529,399 113,987,335 Legal expenses 24,728,362 4,951,307 Postage, stamp 60,999,650 47,690,052 Stationery 121,691,050 63,382,686 Managing Directors’ salary 9,131,448 6,400,000 Directors’ fees 2,224,444 2,734,300 Auditors’ fees 791,725 570,990 Charges on loan losses – – Depreciation and repair of Bank’s assets 102,185,026 71,657,509 Other expenses 352,779,110 227,768,616 Total operating expenses (B) 1,559,345,650 1,101,072,827 Profit/ (Loss) before provision(c=A-B) 3,256,864,725 2,130,963,336 Provision for loans/investments Specific provision (350,000,000) (210,000,000 General provision (350,000,000) (180,000,000) Provision for off-balance sheet items (210,000,000) – (910,000,000) (390,000,000) Provision for diminution – – Other provision – – Total provision (D) (910,000,000) (390,000,000) Total profit / (loss) before taxes(C-D) 2,346,864,725 1,740,963,336 Provision for taxation Current tax (1,015,000,000) (592,362,815) Deferred tax 68,800,000 96,709,995 Net profit after taxation 1,400,664,725 1,051,890,526 Retained earnings (previous) 180,718,073 2,020,213 1,581,382,073 1,053,910,739 Appropriations Statutory reserve 469,372,945 348,192,667 General reserve – – 469,372,945 348,192,667 Retained surplus 1,112,009,852 705,718,072 Earnings per share (EPS) 61. 57 46. 24 Cash Flow Statement For the year ended 31 December 2007 [pic] 2007 2006 Taka Taka A) Cash flows from operating activities Interest receipts in cash 7,076,601,586 5,616,509,362 Interest payments (5,266,592,564) (3,698,441,036) Dividends receipts 7,976,958 1,777,066 Fees and commission receipts in cash 1,198,942,404 998,117,247 Recoveries of loans 415,867 – Cash payments to employees (729,416,883) (596,830,122) Cash payments to suppliers (286,567,522) (175,315,699) Income taxes paid (476,148,788) (590,139,079) Receipts from other operating activities 419,555,862 314,067,381 Payments for other operating activities (470,041,003) (296,680,802) Cash generated from operating activities 1,474,725,917 1,573,064,318 Increase/ (decrease) in operating assets and liabilities Statutory deposits – – Purchase of trading securities (1,197,259,262) (1,161,365,969) Loans and advances to other banks – – Loans and advances to customers (12,672,803,463) (13,094,105,540) Other assets (3,796,358,897) 2,494,489,750) Deposits from other banks /borrowings 62,890,500 (490,439,000) Deposits from customers 15,171,985,121 18,833,626,261 Others liabilities accounts of customers 616,309,220 (140,262,287) Trading liabilities – – Other liabilities 1,437,147,293 (177,440,778) (378,089,488) 1,275,522,937 Net cash from operating activities 1,096,636,429 2,848,587,255 B) Cash flows from operating activities Debentures 4,932,282 5,000,000 Proceeds from sale of securities – – Payments for purchase of securities (430,320,723) (58,856,689) Purchase of property (333,719,898) (98,473,598) Payment against lease obligation (2,785,500) (1,995,468) Proceeds from sale of property 277,045 325,900 Net cash used in investing activities (761,616,794) (153,999,855) C) Cash flows from financing activities Dividend paid – – Net cash from financing activities – – D) Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 335,019,635 2,694,587,400 E) Effects of exchange rate – – F) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year 7,468,239,215 4,773,651,851 G) Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 7,803,258,850 7,468,239,215 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year Cash in hand 663,028,189 452,560,474 Balance with Bangladesh Bank 4,755,788,872 3,662,426,602 Balance with other banks 2,382,784,489 1,061,064,639 Money at call and short notice – 1,490,000,000 Reverse repo – 800,000,000 Prize bonds 1,657,300 2,187,500 7,803,258,850 7,468,293,215 Statement of Changes in Equity Particulars |Paid up capital |Statutory reserve |Revaluation |Retained earnings |Total | | |(Taka) |(Taka) |gain/loss |(Taka) |(Taka) | | | | |(Taka) | | | |Balance as at 1 January 2007 |1,750,000,000 |1,404,170,652 | – |705,718,072 |3,859,888,724 | | | | | | | | |Changes in accounting policy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- |- |- |- |- | |Restated Balance |1,750,000,000 |1,404,170,652 | – |705,718,072 |3,859,888,724 | | | | | | | | |Surplus on revaluation of |- |- |- |- |- | |properties | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Surplus of investments |- |- |12,723, |- |12,723,913 | | | | |913 | | | |Currency translation differences | | | | | | | |- |- |- |- |- | |Net gains and | | | | | | |losses(Unrecognized) |- |- |12,723, |- |- | | | | |913 | | | |Net profit for the year | | | | | | | |- |- | |1,400,664, |1,400,664,725 | |Dividends | | |- |725 | | | | | | | | | |Issue of share capital |525,000,000 – | |(525,000, |- | | | | |- |000) | | |Appropriation | | | | | | | |- |- | |- |- | | | | |- | | | | |- |469,372,945 | |(469,372, |- | | | | |- |945) | | |Balance as at 31 December 2007 | | | | | | | |2,275,000,000 |1,873,543,597 |12,723,